913
Views
64
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

New antiretroviral drugs: a review of the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and resistance profile of tipranavir, darunavir, etravirine, rilpivirine, maraviroc, and raltegravir

, BScPharm PharmD FCSHP, , BScPharm AAHIVE, , BScPharm PharmD FCSHP & , MD
Pages 2445-2466 | Published online: 13 Aug 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (7)

Xueying Yang, Jiajia Zhang, Shujie Chen, Sharon Weissman, Bankole Olatosi & Xiaoming Li. (2021) Comorbidity patterns among people living with HIV: a hierarchical clustering approach through integrated electronic health records data in South Carolina. AIDS Care 33:5, pages 594-606.
Read now
Suyun Lei, Lizhu Hong, Cuixian Yang, Shuang Zhang, Yanyun Zhang, Shizhen Huang, Ronghui Xie, Xia Li, Qing Ma & Huiqin Li. (2019) Effect of rilpivirine on the pharmacokinetics of methadone in HIV-Infected Chinese patients. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 12:6, pages 565-571.
Read now
Nathan Ford & Alexandra Calmy. (2012) Expert reviews: who are they for?. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 13:8, pages 1083-1085.
Read now
Nathan Ford, Janice Lee, Isabelle Andrieux-Meyer & Alexandra Calmy. (2011) Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine: systematic review with an emphasis on resource-limited settings. HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care 3, pages 35-44.
Read now
Mona Arab-Alameddine, Laurent Arhtur Décosterd, Thierry Buclin, Amalio Telenti & Chantal Csajka. (2011) Antiretroviral drug toxicity in relation to pharmacokinetics, metabolic profile and pharmacogenetics. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 7:5, pages 609-622.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (57)

Dengbing Xie, Ming Lin, Pengkai Wang, Lingyu Zhang & Songlin Zhang. (2023) Synthesis of Aromatic Nitriles by SmI 2 ‐Mediated Reductive Cleavage of Cyanoximes . European Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Crossref
Xin Gao & Dirk Menche. (2023) Sequential Methods for Di‐ and Tetrahydro‐Pyranone Synthesis Enable Concise Access to Tuscolid δ‐Lactone. Chemistry – An Asian Journal 18:3.
Crossref
Gadde Sathish Kumar, Prashant S. Shinde, Haifeng Chen, Krishnamoorthy Muralirajan, Rajesh Kancherla & Magnus Rueping. (2022) Paired Electrolysis for Decarboxylative Cyanation: 4-CN-Pyridine, a Versatile Nitrile Source. Organic Letters 24:35, pages 6357-6363.
Crossref
Sofia Stover, M.-J. Milloy, Cameron Grant, Nadia Fairbairn & M. Eugenia Socías. (2022) Estimating the minimum antiretroviral adherence required for plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load suppression among people living with HIV who use unregulated drugs. AIDS 36:9, pages 1233-1243.
Crossref
Deendyal Bhurta & Sandip B. Bharate. (2022) Styryl Group, a Friend or Foe in Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 17:7.
Crossref
F. Joy, F. Peter, P. C. Gokul, A. Nizam & S. Chinnam. (2022) UV-Promoted Metal- and Photocatalyst-Free Direct Conversion of Aromatic Aldehydes to Nitriles. Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry 58:3, pages 379-384.
Crossref
Yunshu Liu, Guodong Zhao, Wenju Wu, Yunze Wang, Yanchao Yu, Jun You & Bo Liu. (2022) Study on Asymmetric Conjugate Cyanation of 3,5-Dimethyl- N - α , β -unsaturated Acylpyrazole Catalyzed by Magnesium-Bisoxazoline Complex . Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 42:1, pages 208.
Crossref
Yujie Xia, Huanfeng Jiang & Wanqing Wu. (2021) Recent Advances in Chemical Modifications of Nitriles. European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2021:48, pages 6658-6669.
Crossref
Scott S. Sutton, Joseph Magagnoli, Tammy H. Cummings & James W. Hardin. (2021) Adherence after treatment switch from a multiple tablet antiretroviral regimen to a single tablet antiretroviral regimen. Therapies 76:6, pages 567-576.
Crossref
Somayyeh Heydari, Davood Habibi, Ali Reza Faraji, Hassan keypour & Masoumeh Mahmoudabadi. (2021) An overview on the progress and development on the palladium catalyzed direct cyanation. Inorganica Chimica Acta 514, pages 119956.
Crossref
André L. C. S. Nascimento, Richard P. Fernandes, Christian Quijia, Victor H. S. Araujo, Juliana Pereira, Jerusa S. Garcia, Marcello G. Trevisan & Marlus Chorilli. (2020) Pharmacokinetic Parameters of HIV‐1 Protease Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 15:12, pages 1018-1029.
Crossref
José L Casado, Pilar Vizcarra, José L Blanco, Rocío Montejano, Eugenia Negredo, Nuria Espinosa, Marta Montero, Alvaro Mena, Rosario Palacios, Juan C Lopez, Jorge Vergas, Maria J Galindo, Alfonso Cabello, Miguel García Deltoro & Alberto Diaz De Santiago. (2020) Maintenance of virologic suppression and improvement in comorbidities after simplification to raltegravir plus boosted darunavir among treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. International Journal of STD & AIDS 31:5, pages 467-473.
Crossref
Kathy K. Byrd, John G. Hou, Ron Hazen, Heather Kirkham, Sumihiro Suzuki, Patrick G. Clay, Tim Bush, Nasima M. Camp, Paul J. Weidle & Ambrose Delpino. (2019) Antiretroviral Adherence Level Necessary for HIV Viral Suppression Using Real-World Data. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 82:3, pages 245-251.
Crossref
Joseph Magagnoli, S. Scott Sutton, James W. Hardin & Babatunde Edun. (2018) Longitudinal trends in base antiretroviral therapy utilization for human immunodeficiency virus from 2000 to 2016. JACCP: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2:1, pages 32-39.
Crossref
Cherise Wong, Stephen J Gange, Richard D Moore, Amy C Justice, Kate Buchacz, Alison G Abraham, Peter F Rebeiro, John R Koethe, Jeffrey N Martin, Michael A Horberg, Cynthia M Boyd, Mari M Kitahata, Heidi M Crane, Kelly A Gebo, M John Gill, Michael J Silverberg, Frank J Palella, Pragna Patel, Hasina Samji, Jennifer Thorne, Charles S Rabkin, Angel Mayor, Keri N Althoff, Aimee M Freeman, Angela Cescon, Anita R Rachlis, Ben Rogers, Benigno Rodriguez, Chris Grasso, Constance A Benson, Daniel R Drozd, David Fiellin, David Haas, Gregory D Kirk, James Willig, Jason Globerman, John T Brooks, Joseph J Eron, Julio SG Montaner, Karyn Gabler, Kathryn Anastos, Kenneth H Mayer, Lisa P Jacobson, Madison Kopansky-Giles, Marina B Klein, Megan Turner, Michael J Mugavero, Michael S Saag, P Richard Harrigan, Robert Dubrow, Robert F Hunter-Mellado, Robert S Hogg, Ronald J Bosch, Rosemary G McKaig, Sally Bebawy, Sean B Rourke, Sonia Napravnik, Stephen Boswell & Timothy R Sterling. (2018) Multimorbidity Among Persons Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases 66:8, pages 1230-1238.
Crossref
Stein SchalkwijkAngela ColbersDeborah KonopnickiAndrea GingelmaierJohn LambertMarchina van der Ende, José Moltó, David BurgerB Rijnders, A J A M van der Ven, E NicastriMDMD, C Giaquinto, K Weizsäcker, I Alba, B Kost, F Lyons, J Lambert, C Wyen, G Faetkenheuer, J K Rockstroh, C Schwarze-Zander, S Tariq Sadiq, Y Gilleece, C Wood, G Taylor, D Hawkins, C HidalgoMDMD, A HaberlMDMD, J FoxMDMD, M E E van Kasteren, D Konopnicki, A GingelmaierMDMD, M E van der Ende & J Moltó. (2017) Lowered Rilpivirine Exposure During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1–Infected Women. Clinical Infectious Diseases 65:8, pages 1335-1341.
Crossref
Adam Trickey, Margaret T May, Jorg-Janne Vehreschild, Niels Obel, M John Gill, Heidi M Crane, Christoph Boesecke, Sophie Patterson, Sophie Grabar, Charles Cazanave, Matthias Cavassini, Leah Shepherd, Antonella d'Arminio Monforte, Ard van Sighem, Mike Saag, Fiona Lampe, Vicky Hernando, Marta Montero, Robert Zangerle, Amy C Justice, Timothy Sterling, Suzanne M Ingle & Jonathan A C Sterne. (2017) Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies. The Lancet HIV 4:8, pages e349-e356.
Crossref
Spencer H. Durham, Melissa E. Badowski, Michelle D. Liedtke, R. Chris Rathbun & Patricia Pecora Fulco. (2017) Acute Care Management of the HIV-Infected Patient: A Report from the HIV Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 37:5, pages 611-629.
Crossref
M Krikke, JE Arends, SFL Van Lelyveld, AIM Hoepelman & FLJ Visseren. (2016) Greater carotid intima media thickness at a younger age in HIV ‐infected patients compared with reference values for an uninfected cohort . HIV Medicine 18:4, pages 275-283.
Crossref
S. Scott Sutton, Joseph Magagnoli & James W. Hardin. (2017) Odds of Viral Suppression by Single-Tablet Regimens, Multiple-Tablet Regimens, and Adherence Level in HIV/AIDS Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 37:2, pages 204-213.
Crossref
Congjun Xu, Mingze Qin, Jun Yi, Yanjing Wang, Yanfeng Chen, Bingfu Zhang, Yanfang Zhao & Ping Gong. (2017) Copper( ii )-mediated formation of oxazole-4-carbonitrile from acetophenone and coordinated cyanide anion via a radical coupling . RSC Advances 7:40, pages 24643-24646.
Crossref
Da-Gang Zhou, Fan Yang, Xing Yang, Chao-Xian Yan, Pan-Pan Zhou & Huan-Wang Jing. (2017) Mechanism of selective C–H cyanation of 2-phenylpyridine with benzyl nitrile catalyzed by CuBr: a DFT investigation. Organic Chemistry Frontiers 4:3, pages 377-385.
Crossref
E. Elliot, T. Mahungu & A. Owen. 2017. Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases. Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases 435 457 .
S. Scott Sutton, Divya Ahuja & Joseph Magagnoli. (2016) What is the effect of pill burden on adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy?. JAAPA 29:11, pages 16-17.
Crossref
Chun-Lin Zhang, Zhong-Hua Gao, Zhi-Qin Liang & Song Ye. (2016) N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Synthesis of Multi-Substituted Benzenes from Enals and α-Cyano-β-methylenones. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 358:18, pages 2862-2866.
Crossref
Tom De Bruyn, Bruno Stieger, Patrick F. Augustijns & Pieter P. Annaert. (2016) Clearance Prediction of HIV Protease Inhibitors in Man: Role of Hepatic Uptake. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 105:2, pages 854-863.
Crossref
Pouya Azar, Evan Wood, Paul Nguyen, Maxo Luma, Julio Montaner, Thomas Kerr & M-J Milloy. (2015) Drug use patterns associated with risk of non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive illicit drug users in a Canadian setting: a longitudinal analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases 15:1.
Crossref
Joop E. Arends, Faydra I. Lieveld, Lauke L. Boeijen, Clara T.M.M. de Kanter, Karel J. van Erpecum, Dominique Salmon, Andy I.M. Hoepelman, Tarik Asselah & Andrew Ustianowski. (2015) Natural history and treatment of HCV/HIV coinfection: Is it time to change paradigms?. Journal of Hepatology 63:5, pages 1254-1262.
Crossref
Shilpa Viswanathan, Amy C. Justice, G. Caleb Alexander, Todd T. Brown, Neel R. Gandhi, Ian R. McNicholl, David Rimland, Maria C. Rodriguez-Barradas & Lisa P. Jacobson. (2015) Adherence and HIV RNA Suppression in the Current Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 69:4, pages 493-498.
Crossref
Rahman Hosseinzadeh, Hamid Golchoubian & Mahboobe Nouzarian. (2014) A mild and efficient method for the conversion of aldehydes into nitriles and thiols into disulfides using an ionic liquid oxidant. Research on Chemical Intermediates 41:7, pages 4713-4725.
Crossref
Prashant R. Nambiar, Daniel Morton, Leland Wayne Dochterman, Christopher Houle, Peter J. Thomford, Gwendolyn Fate, Steven A. Bailey & Gregory L. Finch. (2014) Two-year Carcinogenicity Study in Rats with a Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor. Toxicologic Pathology 43:3, pages 354-365.
Crossref
Shilpa Viswanathan, Roger Detels, Shruti H. Mehta, Bernard J. C. Macatangay, Gregory D. Kirk & Lisa P. Jacobson. (2014) Level of Adherence and HIV RNA Suppression in the Current Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). AIDS and Behavior 19:4, pages 601-611.
Crossref
Wan-Gang Gu. (2014) Newly approved integrase inhibitors for clinical treatment of AIDS. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 68:8, pages 917-921.
Crossref
Marco Simiele, Lorena Baietto, Alessio Audino, Mauro Sciandra, Stefano Bonora, Giovanni Di Perri & Antonio D’Avolio. (2014) A validated HPLC-MS method for quantification of the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc in HIV+ human plasma. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 94, pages 65-70.
Crossref
S. Keil, S. Iwersen-Bergmann, A. Müller & H. Andresen-Streichert. (2014) Pharmakokinetische Wechselwirkungen illegaler Drogen mit ArzneimittelnPharmacokinetic interactions between pharmaceutical and illegal drugs. Rechtsmedizin 24:2, pages 77-90.
Crossref
Xiaoxuan Zhang, Risheng Cao, Runping Liu, Renping Zhao, Yi Huang, Emily C. Gurley, Phillip B. Hylemon, William M. Pandak, Guangji Wang, Luyong Zhang, Xiaokun Li & Huiping Zhou. (2014) Reduction of the HIV Protease Inhibitor-Induced ER Stress and Inflammatory Response by Raltegravir in Macrophages. PLoS ONE 9:3, pages e90856.
Crossref
Hong X. Ding, Kevin K.-C. Liu, Subas M. Sakya, Andrew C. Flick & Christopher J. O’Donnell. (2013) Synthetic approaches to the 2011 new drugs. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 21:11, pages 2795-2825.
Crossref
Luis Menéndez-Arias. (2013) Molecular basis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance: Overview and recent developments. Antiviral Research 98:1, pages 93-120.
Crossref
Tony Antoniou, Sumaira Hasan, Mona R. Loutfy, Colin Kovacs, Jason Brunetta, Graham Smith, Roberta Halpenny & Charles La Porte. (2013) Pharmacokinetics of Maraviroc, Raltegravir, Darunavir, and Etravirine in the Semen of HIV-Infected Men. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 62:2, pages e58-e60.
Crossref
Allison K. DeLongMingham WuDiane BennettNeil ParkinZhijin WuJoseph W. HoganRami Kantor. (2012) Sequence Quality Analysis Tool for HIV Type 1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 28:8, pages 894-901.
Crossref
Jing Fang & Pravin R. Jadhav. (2012) From in vitro EC50 to in vivo dose–response for antiretrovirals using an HIV disease model. Part I: A framework. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 39:4, pages 357-368.
Crossref
Yong-Li Zhong, Thomas J. Tucker & Jingjun Yin. 2012. Case Studies in Modern Drug Discovery and Development. Case Studies in Modern Drug Discovery and Development 257 295 .
Beniam Ghebremedhin. (2012) Maraviroc in Antiretroviral-Naïve HIV-1 Patients. Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 5, pages IDRT.S7597.
Crossref
Xiaofan Lu, Li Liu, Xu Zhang, Terrence Chi Kong Lau, Stephen Kwok Wing Tsui, Yuanxi Kang, Purong Zheng, Bojian Zheng, Gang Liu & Zhiwei Chen. (2012) F18, a Novel Small-Molecule Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, Inhibits HIV-1 Replication Using Distinct Binding Motifs as Demonstrated by Resistance Selection and Docking Analysis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56:1, pages 341-351.
Crossref
Elna van der Ryst, Michael J Palmer & Cloete van Vuuren. 2011. Neglected Diseases and Drug Discovery. Neglected Diseases and Drug Discovery 322 365 .
R. Chris Rathbun & Michelle D. Liedtke. (2011) Antiretroviral Drug Interactions: Overview of Interactions Involving New and Investigational Agents and the Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Management. Pharmaceutics 3:4, pages 745-781.
Crossref
Michelle A Rudek, Charles Flexner & Richard F Ambinder. (2011) Use of antineoplastic agents in patients with cancer who have HIV/AIDS. The Lancet Oncology 12:9, pages 905-912.
Crossref
Mas Chaponda & Munir Pirmohamed. (2011) Hypersensitivity reactions to HIV therapy. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 71:5, pages 659-671.
Crossref
Valentina Cambiano & Andrew N Phillips. (2011) Modelling the impact of treatment with individual antiretrovirals. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 6:2, pages 124-130.
Crossref
Neil T. Burford, John Watson, Robert Bertekap & Andrew Alt. (2011) Strategies for the identification of allosteric modulators of G-protein-coupled receptors. Biochemical Pharmacology 81:6, pages 691-702.
Crossref
Rodger D. MacArthur. (2010) Clinical Trial Report: TMC278 (Rilpivirine) Versus Efavirenz as Initial Therapy in Treatment-Naïve, HIV-1–Infected Patients. Current Infectious Disease Reports 13:1, pages 1-3.
Crossref
Tabitha Mahungu & Andrew Owen. 2011. Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Disease. Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Disease 555 578 .
Fraser F. Fleming, Lihua Yao, P. C. Ravikumar, Lee Funk & Brian C. Shook. (2010) Nitrile-Containing Pharmaceuticals: Efficacious Roles of the Nitrile Pharmacophore. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53:22, pages 7902-7917.
Crossref
Erdembileg Anuurad, Andrew Bremer & Lars Berglund. (2010) HIV protease inhibitors and obesity. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 17:5, pages 478-485.
Crossref
Risheng Cao, Yiqiao Hu, Yun Wang, Emily C. Gurley, Elaine J. Studer, Xuan Wang, Phillip B. Hylemon, William M. Pandak, Arun J. Sanyal, Luyong Zhang & Huiping Zhou. (2010) Prevention of HIV Protease Inhibitor-Induced Dysregulation of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism by Raltegravir via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling Pathways. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 334:2, pages 530-539.
Crossref
. (2010) Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19:5.
Crossref
Jessica Adams, Nimish Patel, Nancy Mankaryous, Mariam Tadros & Christopher D Miller. (2010) Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance and the Role of the Second-Generation Agents. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 44:1, pages 157-165.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.