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Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Volume 15, 2014 - Issue 16
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Augmentation strategies in partial responder and/or treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine

Maria Rosaria A MuscatelloUniversity of Messina, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Universitario Via Consolare Valeria – Messina 98125, Italy+39 090 22212092; +39 090 695136; [email protected]
, MD PhD,
Antonio BrunoUniversity of Messina, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Universitario Via Consolare Valeria – Messina 98125, Italy+39 090 22212092; +39 090 695136; [email protected]
, MD PhD,
Pasquale De FazioUniversity Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Department of Health Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy
, MD,
Cristina Segura-GarciaUniversity Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Department of Health Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy
, MD,
Gianluca PandolfoUniversity of Messina, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Universitario Via Consolare Valeria – Messina 98125, Italy+39 090 22212092; +39 090 695136; [email protected]
, MD PhD &
Rocco ZoccaliUniversity of Messina, Department of Neurosciences, Messina, Italy
, MD
Pages 2329-2345 | Published online: 05 Oct 2014

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Shyam Sundar Arumugham, Jagadisha Thirthalli & Chittaranjan Andrade. (2016) Efficacy and safety of combining clozapine with electrical or magnetic brain stimulation in treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 9:9, pages 1245-1252.
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Articles from other publishers (34)

Ta-Chun Lin & Ching-Hua Lin. (2023) Schizophrenia Patients Discharged on Clozapine Plus Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics From a Public Psychiatric Hospital in Taiwan, 2006–2021. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 26:11, pages 808-816.
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Hélène Verdoux, Clélia Quiles & Jose de Leon. (2023) Optimizing antidepressant and clozapine co-prescription in clinical practice: A systematic review and expert recommendations. Schizophrenia Research.
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Subho Chakrabarti. (2021) Clozapine resistant schizophrenia: Newer avenues of management. World Journal of Psychiatry 11:8, pages 429-448.
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Shi Hyun Kang. (2021) Change of Prescribing Pattern after Clozapine Discontinuation: A Retrospective Chart Review. Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research 24:1, pages 36-43.
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Ching-Hua Lin, Hung-Yu Chan, Chun-Chi Hsu & Feng-Chua Chen. (2020) Temporal trends in clozapine use at time of discharge among people with schizophrenia at two public psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan, 2006–2017. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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Xue Li, Xiuxia Yuan, Yulin Kang, Lijuan Pang, Yafei Liu, Qiyue Zhu, Luxian Lv, Xu-Feng Huang & Xueqin Song. (2020) A synergistic effect between family intervention and rTMS improves cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychiatric Research 126, pages 81-91.
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Rosa De Stefano, Antonio Bruno, Maria R. Muscatello, Clemente Cedro, Gabriele Cervino & Luca Fiorillo. (2020) Fear and anxiety managing methods during dental treatments: a systematic review of recent data. Minerva Stomatologica 68:6.
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Raphael J. Braga, Majnu John, Nina R. Schooler, Samuel H. Bailine, Chitra Malur, Alan Mendelowitz & Georgios Petrides. (2019) Continuation Electroconvulsive Therapy for Patients With Clozapine-Resistant Schizophrenia. The Journal of ECT 35:3, pages 156-160.
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Daniela Polese, Michele Fornaro, Mario Palermo, Vincenzo De Luca & Andrea de Bartolomeis. (2019) Treatment-Resistant to Antipsychotics: A Resistance to Everything? Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia and Nonaffective Psychosis: A 25-Year Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry 10.
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Elias Wagner, Lisa Löhrs, Dan Siskind, William G Honer, Peter Falkai & Alkomiet Hasan. (2019) Clozapine augmentation strategies – a systematic meta-review of available evidence. Treatment options for clozapine resistance. Journal of Psychopharmacology 33:4, pages 423-435.
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Tak Youn, Seong Hoon Jeong, Yong Sik Kim & In Won Chung. (2019) Long-term clinical efficacy of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia on clozapine. Psychiatry Research 273, pages 759-766.
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Shi Hyun KangHey Won Lee. (2019) Prescribing Pattern of Clozapine and Clinical Factors associated with Discontinuation of Clozapine. Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research 22:1, pages 1.
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Francesco Bartoli, Cristina Crocamo, Carmen Di Brita, Giovanni Esposito, Tommaso Innocenzo Tabacchi, Enrica Verrengia, Massimo Clerici & Giuseppe Carrà. (2019) Adjunctive second-generation antipsychotics for specific symptom domains of schizophrenia resistant to clozapine: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research 108, pages 24-33.
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Domenico De Berardis, Michele Fornaro, Annalisa Anastasia, Federica Vellante, Alessandro Valchera, Marilde Cavuto, Giampaolo Perna, Marco Di Nicola, Gianluca Serafini, Alessandro Carano, Maurizio Pompili, Laura Orsolini, Carmine Tomasetti, Gabriella Di Emidio, Giovanni Martinotti & Massimo Di Giannantonio. 2019. Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry. Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry 349 367 .
Chieh-Hsin Lin, Ching-Hua Lin, Yue-Cune Chang, Yu-Jhen Huang, Po-Wei Chen, Hui-Ting Yang & Hsien-Yuan Lane. (2018) Sodium Benzoate, a D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor, Added to Clozapine for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Biological Psychiatry 84:6, pages 422-432.
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Jung Hyun Kim, Tak Youn, Jun Gwon Choi, Seong Hoon Jeong, Hee Yeon Jung, Yong Sik Kim & In Won Chung. (2018) Combination of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Clozapine in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Psychiatry Investigation 15:8, pages 829-835.
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Thomas R.E. Barnes, Verity Leeson, Carol Paton, Louise Marston, David P. Osborn, Raj Kumar, Patrick Keown, Rameez Zafar, Khalid Iqbal, Vineet Singh, Pavel Fridrich, Zachary Fitzgerald, Hemant Bagalkote, Peter M. Haddad, Mariwan Husni & Tim Amos. (2018) Amisulpride augmentation of clozapine for treatment-refractory schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 8:7, pages 185-197.
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Klára Látalová. (2018) Therapeutic approaches in drug-resistant treatment schizophrenia. Psychiatrie pro praxi 19:1, pages 17-21.
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Wei Zheng, Xiao-Hong Li, Dong-Bin Cai, Xin-Hu Yang, Gabor S. Ungvari, Chee H. Ng, Yu-Ping Ning & Yu-Tao Xiang. (2018) Adjunctive azapirone for schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. European Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1, pages 149-158.
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Joanna Gałaszkiewicz, Krzysztof Rębisz, Justyna Morylowska-Topolska, Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz & Gustaw Kozak. (2017) Clozapine-resistant schizophrenia – non pharmacological augmentation methods. Current Problems of Psychiatry 18:4, pages 279-291.
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Thomas RE Barnes, Verity C Leeson, Carol Paton, Louise Marston, Linda Davies, William Whittaker, David Osborn, Raj Kumar, Patrick Keown, Rameez Zafar, Khalid Iqbal, Vineet Singh, Pavel Fridrich, Zachary Fitzgerald, Hemant Bagalkote, Peter M Haddad, Mariwan Husni & Tim Amos. (2017) Amisulpride augmentation in clozapine-unresponsive schizophrenia (AMICUS): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Health Technology Assessment 21:49, pages 1-56.
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Gary Remington, Donald Addington, William Honer, Zahinoor Ismail, Thomas Raedler & Michael Teehan. (2017) Guidelines for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia in Adults. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 62:9, pages 604-616.
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Ole Köhler-Forsberg, Henriette T. Horsdal, Sophie E. Legge, James H. MacCabe & Christiane Gasse. (2017) Predictors of Nonhospitalization and Functional Response in Clozapine Treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 37:2, pages 148-154.
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Bunta Yoshimura, Yuji Yada, Ryuhei So, Manabu Takaki & Norihito Yamada. (2017) The critical treatment window of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Secondary analysis of an observational study. Psychiatry Research 250, pages 65-70.
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Hye Sung KimSe Hyun KimNam Young LeeTak YounJeoung Hyuk LeeSeunghyun ChungYong Sik KimIn Won Chung. (2017) Effectiveness of Electroconvulsive Therapy Augmentation on Clozapine-Resistant Schizophrenia. Psychiatry Investigation 14:1, pages 58.
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W. Zheng, Y.‐T. Xiang, Y.‐Q. Xiang, X.‐B. Li, G. S. Ungvari, H. F. K. Chiu & C. U. Correll. (2016) Efficacy and safety of adjunctive topiramate for schizophrenia: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 134:5, pages 385-398.
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Gianna SepedeGiuseppe Di IorioMaria Chiara SpanoMarco LorussoFabiola SarchioneRita SantacroceRosa Maria SalernoMassimo Di Giannantonio. (2016) A Case of Resistant Schizophrenia Successfully Treated With Clozapine/Long-acting Injectable Aripiprazole Combination. Clinical Neuropharmacology 39:6, pages 322-324.
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Antonio Bruno, Gianluca Pandolfo, Manuela Crucitti, Simona Lorusso, Rocco Antonio Zoccali & Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello. (2016) Acetyl-l-Carnitine Augmentation of Clozapine in Partial-Responder Schizophrenia: A 12-Week, Open-Label Uncontrolled Preliminary Study. Clinical Neuropharmacology 39:6, pages 277-280.
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Ying Yang, Xiaojing Cheng, Qingzhi Xu, Renjun Li, Zengxun Liu, Liping Wang, Yanqing Zhang, Guoqiang Ren & Jintong Liu. (2016) The maintenance of modified electroconvulsive therapy combined with risperidone is better than risperidone alone in preventing relapse of schizophrenia and improving cognitive function. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 74:10, pages 823-828.
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S. R. T. Veerman, P. F. J. Schulte, J. D. Smith & L. de Haan. (2016) Memantine augmentation in clozapine-refractory schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Psychological Medicine 46:9, pages 1909-1921.
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Sandeep Grover, Srinivas Balachander, Subho Chakarabarti & Ajit Avasthi. (2015) Prescription practices and attitude of psychiatrists towards clozapine: A survey of psychiatrists from India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 18, pages 57-65.
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Stéphane Potvin, Andràs Tikàsz, Ovidiu Lungu, Alexandre Dumais, Emmanuel Stip & Adrianna Mendrek. (2015) Emotion processing in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine: An fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research 168:1-2, pages 377-380.
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Yuji Yada, Bunta Yoshimura & Yoshiki Kishi. (2015) Correlation between delay in initiating clozapine and symptomatic improvement. Schizophrenia Research 168:1-2, pages 585-586.
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Seiya Miyamoto, Lars Fredrik Jarskog & W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker. (2015) Schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 28:3, pages 243-248.
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