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Interleukin-21: biology and application to cancer therapy

, MD & , MD
Pages 1295-1307 | Published online: 11 Aug 2008

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Massimiliano Sarra, Eleonora Franzè, Francesco Pallone & Giovanni Monteleone. (2011) Targeting interleukin-21 in inflammatory diseases. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 15:6, pages 695-702.
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Francesco Pallone, Daniele Fina, Roberta Caruso & Giovanni Monteleone. (2010) Role of IL-21 in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 6:4, pages 537-541.
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Christian M Capitini, Crystal L Mackall & Alan S Wayne. (2010) Immune-based therapeutics for pediatric cancer. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 10:2, pages 163-178.
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Javier Briones. (2009) Emerging therapies for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 9:9, pages 1305-1316.
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Articles from other publishers (31)

Ting Wang, Zhenfa Chen, Cui Li, Wei Zhang, Wenbin Huang, Jun Xue, Jundong Wang & Shufeng Li. (2023) PAX5 and circ1857 affected DLBCL progression and B‐cell proliferation through regulating GINS1 . Cancer Science 114:8, pages 3203-3215.
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Aleksandra Mielczarek-Palacz, Celina Kruszniewska-Rajs, Marta Smycz-Kubańska, Jarosław Strzelczyk, Wojciech Szanecki, Andrzej Witek & Joanna Magdalena Gola. (2021) The Assessment of IL-21 and IL-22 at the mRNA Level in Tumor Tissue and Protein Concentration in Serum and Peritoneal Fluid in Patients with Ovarian Cancer. Journal of Clinical Medicine 10:14, pages 3058.
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Zheng-Wei Cui, Xiang-Yang Zhang, Xiao-Hua Chen, Xu-Jie Zhang & Yong-An Zhang. (2020) Splicing variants of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) IL-21: Functions in IgM+ B cell proliferation and IgM secretion. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 110, pages 103728.
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Xiaowei Chi, Peiwei Yang, Erhao Zhang, Jieyi Gu, Hui Xu, Mengwei Li, Xinmei Gao, Xin Li, Yinan Zhang, Hanmei Xu & Jialiang Hu. (2019) Significantly increased anti‐tumor activity of carcinoembryonic antigen‐specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells in combination with recombinant human IL‐12. Cancer Medicine 8:10, pages 4753-4765.
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Liannv Qiu, Qinhua Yu, Yonglie Zhou, Sujie Zheng, Jiaojiao Tao, Qian Jiang & Guorong Yuan. (2018) Functionally impaired follicular helper T cells induce regulatory B cells and CD 14 + human leukocyte antigen‐ DR − cell differentiation in non‐small cell lung cancer . Cancer Science 109:12, pages 3751-3761.
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Liannv Qiu, Yonglie Zhou, Qinhua Yu, Sujie Zheng, Zhenni Wang & Qiang Huang. (2018) RETRACTED: Elevated levels of follicular T helper cells and their association with therapeutic effects in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Immunology Letters 197, pages 15-28.
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Stephen M. Ansell. (2017) Anti-CD20-IL-21 fusokine: the tail wags the dog. Blood 129:16, pages 2209-2210.
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Russell Pachynski & Holbrook Kohrt. 2016. Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Cancer. Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Cancer 79 108 .
Tao WangAlexis CunninghamAyotunde O. DokunSurovi HazarikaKevin HoustonLingdan ChenR. John LyeRosanne SpolskiWarren J. LeonardBrian H. Annex. (2015) Loss of Interleukin-21 Receptor Activation in Hypoxic Endothelial Cells Impairs Perfusion Recovery After Hindlimb Ischemia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 35:5, pages 1218-1225.
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Chansavath Phetsouphanh, Yin Xu & John Zaunders. (2015) CD4 T Cells Mediate Both Positive and Negative Regulation of the Immune Response to HIV Infection: Complex Role of T Follicular Helper Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Pathogenesis. Frontiers in Immunology 5.
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Suhendan Ekmekcioglu, Razelle Kurzrock & Elizabeth A. Grimm. 2015. The Molecular Basis of Cancer. The Molecular Basis of Cancer 789 808.e4 .
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Hui WangMingjun WangZhenjun FengLei ChenLei GaoQiang LiLi ZhangJunjie Ma. (2014) Functional Interleukin-21 Polymorphism Is a Protective Factor of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. DNA and Cell Biology 33:11, pages 775-780.
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Magdalena Hagn, Sue E. Blackwell, Thamara Beyer, Verena Ebel, Dorit Fabricius, Stefanie Lindner, Stefan Stilgenbauer, Thomas Simmet, Constantine Tam, Paul Neeson, Joseph A. Trapani, Hubert Schrezenmeier, George J. Weiner & Bernd Jahrsdörfer. (2014) B-CLL cells acquire APC- and CTL-like phenotypic characteristics after stimulation with CpG ODN and IL-21. International Immunology 26:7, pages 383-395.
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Valentina Rigo, Maria Valeria Corrias, Anna Maria Orengo, Antonella Brizzolara, Laura Emionite, Daniela Fenoglio, Gilberto Filaci, Michela Croce & Silvano Ferrini. (2014) Recombinant IL-21 and anti-CD4 antibodies cooperate in syngeneic neuroblastoma immunotherapy and mediate long-lasting immunity. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 63:5, pages 501-511.
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Liang Wu, Barbro Ehlin‐Henriksson, Hong Zhu, Ingemar Ernberg & George Klein. (2013) EBV counteracts IL‐21‐induced apoptosis in an EBV‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma cell line. International Journal of Cancer 133:3, pages 766-770.
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John M. Timmerman, John C. Byrd, David J. Andorsky, Reiko E. Yamada, Janet Kramer, Natarajan Muthusamy, Naomi Hunder & John M. Pagel. (2012) A Phase I Dose-Finding Trial of Recombinant Interleukin-21 and Rituximab in Relapsed and Refractory Low Grade B-cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Clinical Cancer Research 18:20, pages 5752-5760.
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Jan Emmerich, John B. Mumm, Ivan H. Chan, Drake LaFace, Hoa Truong, Terrill McClanahan, Daniel M. Gorman & Martin Oft. (2012) IL-10 Directly Activates and Expands Tumor-Resident CD8+ T Cells without De Novo Infiltration from Secondary Lymphoid Organs . Cancer Research 72:14, pages 3570-3581.
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Magdalena Hagn, Kai Sontheimer, Karen Dahlke, Sabine Brueggemann, Christof Kaltenmeier, Thamara Beyer, Stefanie Hofmann, Oleg Lunov, Thomas FE Barth, Dorit Fabricius, Kyrylo Tron, Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus, Thomas Simmet, Hubert Schrezenmeier & Bernd Jahrsdörfer. (2011) Human B cells differentiate into granzyme B‐secreting cytotoxic B lymphocytes upon incomplete T‐cell help. Immunology & Cell Biology 90:4, pages 457-467.
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Claire Galand, Sabrina Donnou, Lucile Crozet, S?verine Brunet, Val?rie Touitou, Hanane Ouakrim, Wolf Herman Fridman, Catherine Saut?s-Fridman & Sylvain Fisson. (2011) Th17 Cells Are Involved in the Local Control of Tumor Progression in Primary Intraocular Lymphoma. PLoS ONE 6:9, pages e24622.
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Courtney Nicholas & Gregory B Lesinski. (2011) Immunomodulatory cytokines as therapeutic agents for melanoma. Immunotherapy 3:5, pages 673-690.
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Feng-Lai Yuan, Wei Hu, Wei-Guo Lu, Xia Li, Jian-Ping Li, Rui-Sheng Xu, Cheng-Wan Li, Fei-Hu Chen & Cheng Jin. (2010) Targeting interleukin-21 in rheumatoid arthritis. Molecular Biology Reports 38:3, pages 1717-1721.
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Roch Houot, Holbrook Kohrt, Matthew J. Goldstein & Ronald Levy. (2011) Immunomodulating antibodies and drugs for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 30:1, pages 97-109.
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Tiehui Wang, Patricia Diaz-Rosales, Maria M. Costa, Scott Campbell, Michael Snow, Bertrand Collet, Samuel A. M. Martin & Christopher J. Secombes. (2011) Functional Characterization of a Nonmammalian IL-21: Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss IL-21 Upregulates the Expression of the Th Cell Signature Cytokines IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-22 . The Journal of Immunology 186:2, pages 708-721.
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Raffaella Meazza, Bruno Azzarone, Anna Maria Orengo & Silvano Ferrini. (2011) Role of Common-Gamma Chain Cytokines in NK Cell Development and Function: Perspectives for Immunotherapy. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011, pages 1-16.
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Björn Engelbrekt Wahlin, Mohit Aggarwal, Santiago Montes-Moreno, Luis Francisco Gonzalez, Giovanna Roncador, Lidia Sanchez-Verde, Birger Christensson, Birgitta Sander & Eva Kimby. (2010) A Unifying Microenvironment Model in Follicular Lymphoma: Outcome Is Predicted by Programmed Death-1–Positive, Regulatory, Cytotoxic, and Helper T Cells and Macrophages. Clinical Cancer Research 16:2, pages 637-650.
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Alexandre Iannello, Mohamed-Rachid Boulassel, Suzanne Samarani, Olfa Debbeche, Cécile Tremblay, Emil Toma, Jean-Pierre Routy & Ali Ahmad. (2010) Dynamics and Consequences of IL-21 Production in HIV-Infected Individuals: A Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Study. The Journal of Immunology 184:1, pages 114-126.
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Massimiliano Sarra & Giovanni Monteleone. (2010) Interleukin-21: A New Mediator of Inflammation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010, pages 1-6.
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Gianpietro DottiBarbara SavoldoMalcolm Brenner. (2009) Fifteen Years of Gene Therapy Based on Chimeric Antigen Receptors: “Are We Nearly There Yet?”. Human Gene Therapy 20:11, pages 1229-1239.
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Yrina Rochman, Rosanne Spolski & Warren J. Leonard. (2009) New insights into the regulation of T cells by γc family cytokines. Nature Reviews Immunology 9:7, pages 480-490.
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Alexandre Iannello & Ali Ahmad. (2009) L’interleukine-21, un nouvel adjuvant contre le cancer ?. médecine/sciences 25:4, pages 341-343.
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