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Evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations

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André J. Scheen. (2022) Counteracting heart failure with diabetes drugs: a review into the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 18:6, pages 381-393.
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Lia Meuthia Zaini, Arief S Kartasasmita, Tjahjono D Gondhowiardjo, Maimun Syukri & Ronny Lesmana. (2022) Potential molecular mechanism of action of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in the prevention and management of diabetic retinopathy. Expert Review of Ophthalmology 17:3, pages 199-210.
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Francisco Javier Ampudia-Blasco, Irene Romera, Bernat Ariño & Ramón Gomis. (2017) Following the results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial with empagliflozin, is it possible to speak of a class effect?. International Journal of General Medicine 10, pages 23-26.
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André J. Scheen. (2017) Dapagliflozin and saxagliptin tablets for adults with type 2 diabetes. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 10:12, pages 1303-1316.
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André J. Scheen. (2017) Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of saxagliptin plus dapagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 13:5, pages 583-592.
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Liupeng Wang, Chunyong Wu, Lu Shen, Haiyan Liu, Ying Chen, Fang Liu, Youqun Wang & Jin Yang. (2016) Evaluation of drug–drug interaction between henagliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, and metformin in healthy Chinese males. Xenobiotica 46:8, pages 703-708.
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André J. Scheen. (2015) SGLT2 inhibition: efficacy and safety in type 2 diabetes treatment. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 14:12, pages 1879-1904.
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Maka S Hedrington & Stephen N Davis. (2015) Ipragliflozin, a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 11:4, pages 613-623.
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Articles from other publishers (38)

Joaquim Barreto, Cynthia Borges, Tais Betoni Rodrigues, Daniel C. Jesus, Alessandra M. Campos-Staffico, Wilson Nadruz, Jose Luiz da Costa, Rodrigo Bueno de Oliveira & Andrei C. Sposito. (2023) Pharmacokinetic Properties of Dapagliflozin in Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.
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Alexandra Branco, Rubab Fatima, Kiera Liblik, Robyn Jackson, Darrin Payne & Mohammad El-Diasty. (2022) Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis Associated With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors After Cardiac Surgery: A Review of Current Literature. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 36:10, pages 3877-3886.
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Viviane Melo e Silva de Figueiredo, João Vitor Soares Santos, Bruna Costa de Albuquerque Bogéa, Amanda Gomes de Oliveira & José Albuquerque de FigueiredoNetoNeto. (2022) Pharmacokinetics, Mechanism of Action, and Adverse Effects of the Main Drugs Used to Treat Heart Failure: A Practical Overview for the Clinical Cardiologist. ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop 2:1, pages 4-11.
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JÉSSICA B. DE JESUS, RAISSA A. DA CONCEIÇÃO, THAYNÁ R. MACHADO, MARIA L.C. BARBOSA, THAISA F.S. DOMINGOS, LUCIO M. CABRAL, CARLOS R. RODRIGUES, BÁRBARA ABRAHIM-VIEIRA & ALESSANDRA M.T. DE SOUZA. (2022) Toxicological assessment of SGLT2 inhibitors metabolites using in silico approach. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 94:suppl 3.
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Tobias Täger, Dan Atar, Stefan Agewall, Hugo A. Katus, Morten Grundtvig, John G. F. Cleland, Andrew L. Clark, Hanna Fröhlich & Lutz Frankenstein. (2020) Comparative efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) for cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart Failure Reviews 26:6, pages 1421-1435.
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Mohammed Ali Azam, Praloy Chakraborty, Daoyuan Si, BeiBei Du, Stéphane Massé, Patrick F.H. Lai, Andrew C.T. Ha & Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar. (2021) Anti-arrhythmic and inotropic effects of empagliflozin following myocardial ischemia. Life Sciences 276, pages 119440.
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Koenraad Philippaert, Subha Kalyaanamoorthy, Mohammad FatehiWentong LongShubham SoniNikole J. ByrneAmy Barr, Jyoti SinghJordan WongTaylor PalechukChloe SchneiderAhmed M. DarweshZaid H. MaayahJohn M. SeubertKhaled Barakat, Jason R.B. Dyck & Peter E. Light. (2021) Cardiac Late Sodium Channel Current Is a Molecular Target for the Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin. Circulation 143:22, pages 2188-2204.
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Mieczysław Dutka, Rafał Bobiński, Izabela Ulman-Włodarz, Maciej Hajduga, Jan Bujok, Celina Pająk & Michał Ćwiertnia. (2020) Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: mechanisms of action in heart failure. Heart Failure Reviews 26:3, pages 603-622.
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Sofie Hædersdal, Asger Lund, Elisabeth Nielsen-Hannerup, Henrik Maagensen, Gerrit van Hall, Jens J. Holst, Filip K. Knop & Tina Vilsbøll. (2020) The Role of Glucagon in the Acute Therapeutic Effects of SGLT2 Inhibition. Diabetes 69:12, pages 2619-2629.
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André J. Scheen. (2020) Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Properties and Clinical Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Non-Asian and Asian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 59:8, pages 981-994.
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Donato Cappetta, Antonella De Angelis, Loreta Pia Ciuffreda, Raffaele Coppini, Anna Cozzolino, Agostino Miccichè, Carmela Dell'Aversana, Domenico D’Amario, Eleonora Cianflone, Cristina Scavone, Lorenzo Santini, Chiara Palandri, Silvio Naviglio, Filippo Crea, Marcello Rota, Lucia Altucci, Francesco Rossi, Annalisa Capuano, Konrad Urbanek & Liberato Berrino. (2020) Amelioration of diastolic dysfunction by dapagliflozin in a non-diabetic model involves coronary endothelium. Pharmacological Research 157, pages 104781.
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Yasuhiro Maejima. (2020) SGLT2 Inhibitors Play a Salutary Role in Heart Failure via Modulation of the Mitochondrial Function. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 6.
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Vjera Ninčević, Tea Omanović Kolarić, Hrvoje Roguljić, Tomislav Kizivat, Martina Smolić & Ines Bilić Ćurčić. (2019) Renal Benefits of SGLT 2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Evidence Supporting a Paradigm Shift in the Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20:23, pages 5831.
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Hana E. Baker, Alexander M. Kiel, Samuel T. Luebbe, Blake R. Simon, Conner C. Earl, Ajit Regmi, William C. Roell, Kieren J. Mather, Johnathan D. Tune & Adam G. Goodwill. (2019) Inhibition of sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 preserves cardiac function during regional myocardial ischemia independent of alterations in myocardial substrate utilization. Basic Research in Cardiology 114:3.
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Rinkoo Dalan. (2018) Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cardiology in Review 26:6, pages 312-320.
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Laween Uthman, Antonius Baartscheer, Boris Bleijlevens, Cees A. Schumacher, Jan W. T. Fiolet, Anneke Koeman, Milena Jancev, Markus W. Hollmann, Nina C. Weber, Ruben Coronel & Coert J. Zuurbier. (2017) Class effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in mouse cardiomyocytes and hearts: inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger, lowering of cytosolic Na+ and vasodilation. Diabetologia 61:3, pages 722-726.
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L. Yu. Morgunov. (2017) DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS: NEW TREATMENT OPTIONS. Research'n Practical Medicine Journal 4:3, pages 75-85.
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André J. Scheen. (2016) Pharmacokinetic Characteristics and Clinical Efficacy of an SGLT2 Inhibitor Plus DPP-4 Inhibitor Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 56:7, pages 703-718.
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Thomas Vanhove, Quinten Remijsen, Dirk Kuypers & Pieter Gillard. (2017) Drug–drug interactions between immunosuppressants and antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Transplantation Reviews 31:2, pages 69-77.
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Jean-Luc Faillie. (2017) Pharmacological aspects of the safety of gliflozins. Pharmacological Research 118, pages 71-81.
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Chiara Ghezzi, Amy S. Yu, Bruce A. Hirayama, Vladimir Kepe, Jie Liu, Claudio Scafoglio, David R. Powell, Sung-Cheng Huang, Nagichettiar Satyamurthy, Jorge R. Barrio & Ernest M. Wright. (2017) Dapagliflozin Binds Specifically to Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 in the Proximal Renal Tubule. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 28:3, pages 802-810.
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M. Ruscica, L. Baldessin, D. Boccia, G. Racagni & N. Mitro. (2017) Non-insulin anti-diabetic drugs: An update on pharmacological interactions. Pharmacological Research 115, pages 14-24.
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Anna Solini. (2016) Role of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetologica 53:6, pages 863-870.
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Anne E. de Leeuw & Rudolf A. de Boer. (2016) Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition: cardioprotection by treating diabetes—a translational viewpoint explaining its potential salutary effects. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy 2:4, pages 244-255.
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Pamela Kushner. (2016) Benefits/Risks of Sodium–Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor Canagliflozin in Women for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Women's Health 12:3, pages 379-388.
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Andrew C. Flick, Hong X. Ding, Carolyn A. Leverett, Robert E. KyneJr.Jr., Kevin K.-C. Liu, Sarah J. Fink & Christopher J. O’Donnell. (2016) Synthetic approaches to the 2014 new drugs. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 24:9, pages 1937-1980.
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Jose Górriz, Javier Nieto, Juan Navarro-González, Pablo Molina, Alberto Martínez-Castelao & Luis Pallardó. (2015) Nephroprotection by Hypoglycemic Agents: Do We Have Supporting Data?. Journal of Clinical Medicine 4:10, pages 1866-1889.
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Attarat Pattanawongsa, Nuy Chau, Andrew Rowland & John O. Miners. (2015) Inhibition of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes by Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin: Implications for Drug-Drug Interactions. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 43:10, pages 1468-1476.
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Grzegorz Mizerski, Pawel Kicinski & Andrzej Jaroszynski. (2015) Flozins, inhibitors of type 2 renal sodium-glucose co-transporter – not only antihyperglycemic drugs. Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 28:3, pages 155-158.
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Arthur L. M. SwislockiIshwarlal Jialal. (2015) The Novel Role of the Kidney in Diabetes Management: Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 13:7, pages 287-291.
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André J. Scheen. (2015) Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 54:7, pages 691-708.
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Deborah Hinnen. (2015) Short commentary on empagliflozin and its potential clinical impact. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 6:2, pages 68-81.
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Curtis TriplittSusan Cornell. (2015) Canagliflozin Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes 8, pages CMED.S31526.
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André J. Scheen. (2014) Pharmacodynamics, Efficacy and Safety of Sodium–Glucose Co-Transporter Type 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Drugs 75:1, pages 33-59.
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. (2014) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions are unlikely when sodium–glucose cotransporters type 2 inhibitors are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 30:10, pages 363-366.
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Merlin C. Thomas. (2014) Renal effects of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 5:3, pages 53-61.
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André J. Scheen. (2014) Drug–Drug Interactions with Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters Type 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors, New Oral Glucose-Lowering Agents for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 53:4, pages 295-304.
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André J. Scheen. (2014) Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profile of Empagliflozin, a Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 53:3, pages 213-225.
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