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Original Article

Pharmacology of Psychotropic Analgesic Nitrous Oxide as a Multipotent Opioid Agonist

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Pages 5-12 | Received 20 Sep 1993, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

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Merdan Serin, Dincer Altinel, Cem Leblebici, Burcu Biltekin, Onder Huseyinbas, Sevgi Kurt Yazar, Fatih Irmak, Ahmet Sonmez & Mehmet Bayramicli. (2019) Subdermal nitrous oxide delivery increases skin microcirculation and random flap survival in rats. Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery 53:1, pages 37-44.
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Mark A. Gillman & Frederick J. Lichtigfeld. (1998) Clinical role and mechanisms of action of analgesic nitrous oxide. International Journal of Neuroscience 93:1-2, pages 55-62.
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Mark A. Gillman. (1994) Psychotropic Analgesic Nitrous Oxide as an Investigative Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool. International Journal of Neuroscience 76:1-2, pages 1-3.
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Articles from other publishers (37)

Tibor M. Brunt, Wim van den Brink & Jan van Amsterdam. (2022) Mechanisms Involved in the Neurotoxicity and Abuse Liability of Nitrous Oxide: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:23, pages 14747.
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Mélissandre Nicot, Ludovic Miraillet, Bruno Pereira, Jean-Baptiste Bouillon-Minois, Julien Raconnat, Farès Moustafa, Jeannot Schmidt, Sophia Sickout-Arondo, Lise Bernard, Pierre Clavelou & Xavier Moisset. (2022) The Use of a Fixed 50:50 Mixture of Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen to Reduce Lumbar Puncture-Induced Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11:6, pages 1489.
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Dimitrios Velonis, Dimitrios Emmanouil & Keira P. Mason. 2022. Pediatric Dentistry. Pediatric Dentistry 131 153 .
Dimitris Emmanouil. 2021. Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room. Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room 199 209 .
X. Moisset, M. A. Sia, B. Pereira, F. Taithe, E. Dumont, L. Bernard & P. Clavelou. (2016) Fixed 50:50 mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen to reduce lumbar‐puncture‐induced pain: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Neurology 24:1, pages 46-52.
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Scott Bowen & Silvia L. Cruz. 2014. The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System. The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System 553 574 .
M. Le Guen & T. Baugnon. (2010) Protossido d’azoto. EMC - Anestesia-Rianimazione 15:4, pages 1-8.
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M. Le Guen & T. Baugnon. (2010) Protóxido de nitrógeno. EMC - Anestesia-Reanimación 36:4, pages 1-9.
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M. Le Guen & T. Baugnon. (2010) Protoxyde d'azote. EMC - Anesthésie-Réanimation 7:3, pages 1-8.
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Neil S. Sadick. 2008. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dermatologic Surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dermatologic Surgery 171 180 .
Alberto Iannalfi, Gabriella Bernini, Simona Caprilli, Alma Lippi, Fabio Tucci & Andrea Messeri. (2005) Painful procedures in children with cancer: Comparison of moderate sedation and general anesthesia for lumbar puncture and bone marrow aspiration. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 45:7, pages 933-938.
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D. Harmon, C. Rozario & D. Lowe. (2003) Nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture and the prevention of pain during injection of propofol. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 158-161.
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A. Turan, B. Karamanlioğlu, D. Memiş & Z. Pamukçu. (2005) Alternative application site of transdermal nitroglycerin and the reduction of pain on propofol injection. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 170-172.
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G. Kierzek, J. Audibert & J.-L. Pourriat. (2005) Anaphylaxis after rocuronium. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 169-170.
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N. Anzawa, K. Hirota, M. Kitayama, T. Kushikata & A. Matsuki. (2005) Fentanyl-mediated reduction in the bispectral index and 95% spectral edge frequency is age-dependent. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 167-169.
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J. J. Lehot, S. Helou & O. Bastien. (2005) Survey of antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 166-167.
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T. Villevieille, F. Mercier, P. E. Shannon, Y. Auroy & D. Benhamou. (2005) Efficacy of epidural analgesia during labour and delivery: a comparison between singleton vertex presentation, singleton breech presentation and twin pregnancies. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 164-165.
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J. O'Rourke, C. Fahy & M. Donnelly. (2005) Subcutaneous emphysema at the site of central line placement due to the haematogenous spread of Clostridium septicum. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 162-163.
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D. Harmon, C. Rozario & D. Lowe. (2005) Nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture and the prevention of pain during injection of propofol. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 158-161.
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K. S. Thagaard, S. Steine & J. Raeder. (2005) Ondansetron disintegrating tablets of 8 mg twice a day for 3 days did not reduce the incidence of nausea or vomiting after laparoscopic surgery. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 153-157.
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G. Lebuffe, T. Onimus & B. Vallet. (2005) Gastric mucosal-to-end-tidal PCO2 difference during major abdominal surgery: influence of the arterial-to-end-tidal PCO2 difference?. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 147-152.
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H. Erolçay & L. Yüceyar. (2005) Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after thoracotomy: a comparison of morphine with tramadol. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 141-146.
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G. von Knobelsdorff, R. M. Höppner, P. H. Tonner, A. Paris, C. A. Nienaber, J. Scholz & J. Schulte am Esch. (2005) Induced arterial hypotension for interventional thoracic aortic stent-graft placement: impact on intracranial haemodynamics and cognitive function. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 134-140.
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T. Bouillon, J. Bruhn, H. Roepcke & A. Hoeft. (2005) Opioid-induced respiratory depression is associated with increased tidal volume variability. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 127-133.
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M. Westphal, H. Hohage, H. Buerkle, H. Van Aken, T. Ermert & and G. Brodner. (2005) Adsorption of sufentanil to epidural filters and catheters. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 124-126.
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F. Karasawa, T. Okuda, M. Tsutsui, N. Matsuoka, S. Yamada, Y. Kawatani & T. Satoh. (2005) Dopamine stabilizes milrinone-induced changes in heart rate and arterial pressure during anaesthesia with isoflurane. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 120-123.
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B. Heindl, F. Reichle & B. F. Becker. (2005) Sevoflurane but not isoflurane can reduce prostacyclin production of endothelial cells. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 116-119.
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R. Tyther, J. O'Brien, J. Wang, H. P. Redmond & G. Shorten. (2005) Effect of sevoflurane on human neutrophil apoptosis. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 111-115.
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K. Mikawa, H. Akamatsu, K. Nishina, M. Shiga, H. Obara & Y. Niwa. (2005) Effects of ropivacaine on human neutrophil function: comparison with bupivacaine and lidocaine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 104-110.
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R. Bogdanski, M. Blobner, H. Fink & E. Kochs. (2005) Effects of xenon on mesenteric blood flow. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 98-103.
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C. D. Hanning, A. Blokland, M. Johnson & E. K. Perry. (2005) Effects of repeated anaesthesia on central cholinergic function in the rat cerebral cortex. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 93-97.
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O. A. P. Santanen, N. Svartling, J. Haasio & M. P. J. Paloheimo. (2005) Neural nets and prediction of the recovery rate from neuromuscular block. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 20:2, pages 87-92.
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Mervyn Maze & Masahiko Fujinaga. (2001) Pharmacology of nitrous oxide. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 15:3, pages 339-348.
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M. Maze & M. Fujinaga. (2003) Recent advances in understanding the actions and toxicity of nitrous oxide. Anaesthesia 55:4, pages 311-314.
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Robert L Balster. (1998) Neural basis of inhalant abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 51:1-2, pages 207-214.
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M. A. Gillman & F. J. Lichtigfeld. (1995) Opioid Effects of Psychotropic Analgesic Nitrous Oxide on the Dopaminergic System. Anesthesia & Analgesia 80:4, pages 855.
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M. A. Gillman & F. J. Lichtigfeld. (1995) Opioid Effects of Psychotropic Analgesic Nitrous Oxide on the Dopaminergic System. Anesthesia & Analgesia 80:4, pages 855.
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