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Original Article

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Cirrhosis:Incidence, Diagnosis, and Prognosis

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Pages 295-300 | Received 04 Oct 1986, Accepted 22 Oct 1986, Published online: 08 Jul 2009

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Srdan Novovic, Synne Semb, Henrik Olsen, Claus Moser, Jenny Dahl Knudsen & Christian Homann. (2012) First-line treatment with cephalosporins in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis provides poor antibiotic coverage. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 47:2, pages 212-216.
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Jahangir Khan, Pekka Pikkarainen, Anna-Liisa Karvonen, Tuula Mäkelä, Markku Peräaho, Eeva Pehkonen & Pekka Collin. (2009) Ascites: Aetiology, mortality and the prevalence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 44:8, pages 970-974.
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D. J. Bac. (1996) Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: An Indication for Liver Transplantation?. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 31:sup218, pages 38-42.
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Articles from other publishers (67)

Gabriela Kuftinec, Jose Raul Estrada & Kalyan Ram Bhamidimarri. (2020) Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Secondary Bacterial Peritonitis—a Comprehensive Review. Current Hepatology Reports 19:4, pages 486-498.
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Mahmoud Dibas, Ahmad Mamoun Rajab, Mohamed Saddik Zaghloul, Mohammad J. Atiah, Saadi Aljundi, Ahmed Amir & Nazmus Saquib. (2020) Ascitic calprotectin for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 32:9, pages 1075-1083.
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Raffi Karagozian, Anna E. Rutherford, Kenneth B. Christopher & Robert S. BrownJrJr. (2016) Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a risk factor for renal failure requiring dialysis in waitlisted liver transplant candidates. Clinical Transplantation 30:5, pages 502-507.
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Chalermrat Bunchorntavakul, Naichaya Chamroonkul & Disaya Chavalitdhamrong. (2016) Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: A critical review and practical guidance. World Journal of Hepatology 8:6, pages 307.
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P. Kathpalia, A. Bhatia, S. Robertazzi, J. Ahn, S. M. Cohen, S. Sontag, A. Luke, R. Durazo‐Arvizu & A. A. Pillai. (2015) Indwelling peritoneal catheters in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Internal Medicine Journal 45:10, pages 1026-1031.
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Olivér Rosero, Tibor Kovács, Péter Ónody, László Harsányi & Attila Szijártó. (2014) Bacterial translocation: gap in the shield. Orvosi Hetilap 155:8, pages 304-312.
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Amita Singh, Abubakr Bajwa & Adil Shujaat. (2013) Evidence-Based Review of the Management of Hepatic Hydrothorax. Respiration 86:2, pages 155-173.
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Pazhanivel Mohan & Jayanthi Venkataraman. (2011) Prevalence and risk factors for unsuspected spontaneous ascitic fluid infection in cirrhotics undergoing therapeutic paracentesis in an outpatient clinic. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 30:5, pages 221-224.
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Thomas Sersté, Frédéric Bert, Véronique Leflon-Guibout, Chantal Chauvet, Estelle Marcon, Tarik Asselah, Claire Francoz, François Durand, Didier Lebrec, Dominique Valla, Richard Moreau & Marie-Hélène Nicolas-Chanoine. (2011) Detection of bacterial DNA in serum and ascitic fluid of asymptomatic outpatients with cirrhosis and non-neutrocytic ascites. Liver International 31:4, pages 494-498.
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Vasiliki Arvaniti, Gennaro D'Amico, Giuseppe Fede, Pinelopi Manousou, Emmanuel Tsochatzis, Maria Pleguezuelo & Andrew Kenneth Burroughs. (2010) Infections in Patients With Cirrhosis Increase Mortality Four-Fold and Should Be Used in Determining Prognosis. Gastroenterology 139:4, pages 1246-1256.e5.
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M. Cartier, R. Terg, R. Lucero, A. Muñoz, G. Romero, D. Levi, C. Miguez & R. Abecasis. (2010) Pilot study: Gelafundin (polygeline) 4% plus antibiotics in the treatment of high‐risk cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 32:1, pages 43-48.
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Sithara K. Balagopal, Ashik Sainu & Varghese Thomas. (2011) Evaluation of leucocyte esterase reagent strip test for the rapid bedside diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 29:2, pages 74-77.
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Rubén Terg, Adrian Gadano, Mariano Cartier, Paola Casciato, Romina Lucero, Alberto Muñoz, Gustavo Romero, Diana Levi, Gonzalo Terg, Carlos Miguez & Raquel Abecasis. (2009) Serum creatinine and bilirubin predict renal failure and mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a retrospective study. Liver International 29:3, pages 415-419.
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Steve Lontos, Paul J Gow, Rhys B Vaughan & Peter W Angus. (2008) Norfloxacin and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole therapy have similar efficacy in prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 23:2, pages 252-255.
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Oliviero Riggio, Stefania Angeloni, Antonella Parente, Cinzia Leboffe, Giorgio Pinto, Teresa Aronne & Manuela Merli. (2008) Accuracy of the automated cell counters for management of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 14:37, pages 5689.
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Stefania Angeloni, Cinzia Leboffe, Antonella Parente, Mario Venditti, Alessandra Giordano, Manuela Merli & Oliviero Riggio. (2008) Efficacy of current guidelines for the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the clinical practice. World Journal of Gastroenterology 14:17, pages 2757.
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Stephen Hardy & Ronald E. Kleinman. 2009. Liver Disease in Children. Liver Disease in Children 97 137 .
Daniel R. Gaya, T. David B. Lyon, Joanna Clarke, Saranaz Jamdar, Donald Inverarity, Ewan H. Forrest, A. John Morris & Adrian J. Stanley. (2007) Bedside leucocyte esterase reagent strips with spectrophotometric analysis to rapidly exclude spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a pilot study. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 19:4, pages 289-295.
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Sathish Kumar Natarajan, Ashis Mukhopadhya, Anup Ramachandran, Sophia Amalanathan, George Kurian & Kunissery A Balasubramanian. (2007) Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis results in oxidative and nitrosative stress in ascitic fluid. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 22:2, pages 177-181.
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Pablo Palma, Nicolas Mihaljevic, Till Hasenberg, Michael Keese & Thomas A. Koeppel. (2007) Intestinal barrier dysfunction in developing liver cirrhosis: An in vivo analysis of bacterial translocation. Hepatology Research 37:1, pages 6-12.
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Sven Wallerstedt, Rolf Olsson, Magnus Simrén, Ulrika Broomé, Staffan Wahlin, Lars Lööf, Rolf Hultcrantz, Klas Sjöberg, Hanna Sandberg Gertzén, Hanne Prytz & Sven Almer. (2007) Abdominal tenderness in ascites patients indicates spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. European Journal of Internal Medicine 18:1, pages 44-47.
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Maria Dalamaga, Konstantinos Karmaniolas, Maria Pantelaki, Konstantina Daskalopoulou, Dimitra Kavatha & Ilias Migdalis. (2006) Spontaneous peritonitis caused by Leminorella grimontii. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 56:1, pages 83-85.
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Roberto Fiolic Alvarez, Angelo Alves de Mattos, Esther Buzaglo Dantas Corr?a, Helma Pinchemel Cotrim & Tereza Virginia S. B. Nascimento. (2005) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus norfloxacin in the prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 42:4, pages 256-262.
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Ying-Ying Yang & Han-Chieh Lin. (2005) Bacterial Infections in Patients with Cirrhosis. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 68:10, pages 447-451.
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Toshiaki Inamura, Soichiro Miura, Yoshikazu Tsuzuki, Yuriko Hara, Ryota Hokari, Toshiko Ogawa, Ken Teramoto, Chikako Watanabe, Hisashi Kobayashi, Hiroshi Nagata & Hiromasa Ishii. (2003) Alteration of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and increased bacterial translocation in a murine model of cirrhosis. Immunology Letters 90:1, pages 3-11.
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Stefania Angeloni, Giorgia Nicolini, Manuela Merli, Francesca Nicolao, Giorgio Pinto, Teresa Aronne, Adolfo Francesco Attili & Oliviero Riggio. (2003) Validation of automated blood cell counter for the determination of polymorphonuclear cell count in the ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 98:8, pages 1844-1848.
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L Evans. (2003) Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic outpatients with cirrhotic ascites. Hepatology 37:4, pages 897-901.
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Anup Ramachandran, Ramamoorthy Prabhu, Simmy Thomas, Jayasree Basivi Reddy, Anna Pulimood & Kunissery A. Balasubramanian. (2002) Intestinal mucosal alterations in experimental cirrhosis in the rat: Role of oxygen free radicals. Hepatology 35:3, pages 622-629.
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M. Borzio, F. Salerno, L. Piantoni, M. Cazzaniga, P. Angeli, F. Bissoli, S. Boccia, G. Colloredo-Mels, P. Corigliano, G. Fornaciari, G. Marenco, R. Pistarà, M. Salvagnini & A. Sangiovanni. (2001) Bacterial infection in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a multicentre prospective study. Digestive and Liver Disease 33:1, pages 41-48.
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M. Navasa, F. Casafont, G. Clemente, C. Guarner, M. de la Mata, R. Planas, R. Solà & J. Suh. (2001) Consenso sobre peritonitis bacteriana espontánea en la cirrosis hepática: diagnóstico, tratamiento y profilaxis. Gastroenterología y Hepatología 24:1, pages 37-46.
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Radha K. Dhiman, Govind K. Makharia, Sanjay Jain & Yogesh Chawla. (2000) Ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in fulminant hepatic failure. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 95:1, pages 233-238.
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