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Prehospital Emergency Care Volume 17, 2013 - Issue 2
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Case Conference

Successful Management of Excited Delirium Syndrome with Prehospital Ketamine: Two Case Examples

Jeffrey D. HoFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (JDH, SWS, PCN, BSO, JBC, WGH), Minneapolis, Minnesota; Meeker County Sheriff's Office (JDH), Litchfield, Minnesota; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Lompoc Valley Medical Center (DMD), Lompoc, California; the Santa Barbara Police Department (DMD), Santa Barbara, California; and Hennepin Regional Poison Center (BSO, JBC), Minneapolis, Minnesota.Correspondence[email protected]
, MD,
Stephen W. SmithFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (JDH, SWS, PCN, BSO, JBC, WGH), Minneapolis, Minnesota; Meeker County Sheriff's Office (JDH), Litchfield, Minnesota; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Lompoc Valley Medical Center (DMD), Lompoc, California; the Santa Barbara Police Department (DMD), Santa Barbara, California; and Hennepin Regional Poison Center (BSO, JBC), Minneapolis, Minnesota.
, MD,
Paul C. NystromFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (JDH, SWS, PCN, BSO, JBC, WGH), Minneapolis, Minnesota; Meeker County Sheriff's Office (JDH), Litchfield, Minnesota; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Lompoc Valley Medical Center (DMD), Lompoc, California; the Santa Barbara Police Department (DMD), Santa Barbara, California; and Hennepin Regional Poison Center (BSO, JBC), Minneapolis, Minnesota.
, MD,
Donald M. DawesFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (JDH, SWS, PCN, BSO, JBC, WGH), Minneapolis, Minnesota; Meeker County Sheriff's Office (JDH), Litchfield, Minnesota; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Lompoc Valley Medical Center (DMD), Lompoc, California; the Santa Barbara Police Department (DMD), Santa Barbara, California; and Hennepin Regional Poison Center (BSO, JBC), Minneapolis, Minnesota.
, MD,
Benjamin S. OrozcoFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (JDH, SWS, PCN, BSO, JBC, WGH), Minneapolis, Minnesota; Meeker County Sheriff's Office (JDH), Litchfield, Minnesota; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Lompoc Valley Medical Center (DMD), Lompoc, California; the Santa Barbara Police Department (DMD), Santa Barbara, California; and Hennepin Regional Poison Center (BSO, JBC), Minneapolis, Minnesota.
, MD,
Jon B. ColeFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (JDH, SWS, PCN, BSO, JBC, WGH), Minneapolis, Minnesota; Meeker County Sheriff's Office (JDH), Litchfield, Minnesota; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Lompoc Valley Medical Center (DMD), Lompoc, California; the Santa Barbara Police Department (DMD), Santa Barbara, California; and Hennepin Regional Poison Center (BSO, JBC), Minneapolis, Minnesota.
, MD &
William G. HeegaardFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center (JDH, SWS, PCN, BSO, JBC, WGH), Minneapolis, Minnesota; Meeker County Sheriff's Office (JDH), Litchfield, Minnesota; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Lompoc Valley Medical Center (DMD), Lompoc, California; the Santa Barbara Police Department (DMD), Santa Barbara, California; and Hennepin Regional Poison Center (BSO, JBC), Minneapolis, Minnesota.
, MD, MPH show all
Pages 274-279 | Received 31 Jul 2012, Accepted 17 Jul 2012, Published online: 11 Dec 2012

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Matt S. Friedman, David Saloum, Astrid Haaland, Jefferson Drapkin, Antonios Likourezos & Reuben J. Strayer. (2021) Description of Adverse Events in a Cohort of Dance Festival Attendees with Stimulant-Induced Severe Agitation Treated with Dissociative-Dose Ketamine. Prehospital Emergency Care 25:6, pages 761-767.
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Bryan D. Hayes. (2016) Ketamine for agitation: a key cog in the prehospital treatment armamentarium wheelhouse. Clinical Toxicology 54:7, pages 545-546.
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Jon B. Cole, Johanna C. Moore, Paul C. Nystrom, Benjamin S. Orozco, Samuel J. Stellpflug, Rebecca L. Kornas, Brandon J. Fryza, Lila W. Steinberg, Alex O’Brien-Lambert, Peter Bache-Wiig, Kristin M. Engebretsen & Jeffrey D. Ho. (2016) A prospective study of ketamine versus haloperidol for severe prehospital agitation. Clinical Toxicology 54:7, pages 556-562.
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David Keseg, Eric Cortez, Douglas Rund & Jeffrey Caterino. (2015) The Use of Prehospital Ketamine for Control of Agitation in a Metropolitan Firefighter-based EMS System. Prehospital Emergency Care 19:1, pages 110-115.
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Marlow Macht, Ashley C. Mull, Kevin E. McVaney, Emily H. Caruso, J. Bill Johnston, Joshua B. Gaither, Aaron M. Shupp, Kevin D. Marquez, Jason S. Haukoos & Christopher B. Colwell. (2014) Comparison of Droperidol and Haloperidol for Use by Paramedics: Assessment of Safety and Effectiveness. Prehospital Emergency Care 18:3, pages 375-380.
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Kim Phung Tran, Quynh Nguyen, Xuan Nhuan Truong, Viet Le, Van Phu Le, Nam Mai, Hans Husum & Ole Kristian Losvik. (2014) A Comparison of Ketamine and Morphine Analgesia in Prehospital Trauma Care: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial in Rural Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. Prehospital Emergency Care 18:2, pages 257-264.
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Articles from other publishers (39)

Brian Springer. (2024) Hyperactive Delirium with Severe Agitation. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 42:1, pages 41-52.
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Nina Oeye Thorvaldsen, Tonje Lossius Husum & Stephen J.M. Sollid. (2023) Exploring use of coercion in the Norwegian ambulance service – a qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 31:1.
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Brooks Walsh, Isaac Agboola, Isaac Agboola, Edouard CoupetJrJr, John Rozel & Ambrose Wong. (2023) Revisiting “Excited Delirium”: Does the Diagnosis Reflect and Promote Racial Bias?. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 24:2, pages 152-159.
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Mark W Kroll, Christine A Hall, William P Bozeman & Richard M Luceri. (2021) The prone position paradox. Medicine, Science and the Law 62:3, pages 233-235.
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Joshua J. Solano, Lisa M. Clayton, Daniel J. Parks, Shayne E. Polley, Patrick G. Hughes, Charles H. Hennekens, Richard D. Shih & Scott M. Alter. (2021) Prehospital Ketamine Administration for Excited Delirium with Illicit Substance Co-Ingestion and Subsequent Intubation in the Emergency Department. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 36:6, pages 697-701.
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Lauren R. Klein & Jon B. Cole. (2021) Ketamine: Focusing on the Facts and Forgetting the Fiction. Annals of Emergency Medicine 78:1, pages 132-139.
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O. Dubourg, C. Dubecq, G. de Rocquigny, E. Patey, P. Pasquier, L. Aigle, R. Dubourg & S. Travers. (2021) La kétamine en pratique militaire. Douleur et Analgésie 34:1, pages 46-52.
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Lauren R. Klein & Marc L. Martel. 2021. Behavioral Emergencies for Healthcare Providers. Behavioral Emergencies for Healthcare Providers 237 247 .
Nualnong Wongtongkam & Margaret E. Adams. (2020) Triple Therapeutic Effects of Ketamine in Prehospital Settings: Systematic Review. Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports 8:3, pages 122-132.
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S. N. Kunz, J. Horn & L. Krys. (2020) Exzitiertes DelirExcited delirium syndrome. Rechtsmedizin 30:3, pages 201-208.
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Bryan B. Kitch. (2020) Out‐of‐hospital ketamine: review of a growing trend in patient care. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open 1:3, pages 183-189.
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Shan Yin. (2019) Adolescents and Drug Abuse: 21st Century Synthetic Substances. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 20:1, pages 17-24.
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Mark W. Kroll, Stacey L. Hail, Ryan M. Kroll, Charles V. Wetli & John C. Criscione. (2018) Electrical weapons and excited delirium: shocks, stress, and serum serotonin. Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 14:4, pages 478-483.
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Scott L. Mankowitz, Pat Regenberg, Janina Kaldan & Jon B. Cole. (2018) Ketamine for Rapid Sedation of Agitated Patients in the Prehospital and Emergency Department Settings: A Systematic Review and Proportional Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 55:5, pages 670-681.
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James R. Miner, Lauren R. Klein, Jon B. Cole, Brian E. Driver, Johanna C. Moore & Jeffrey D. Ho. (2018) The Characteristics and Prevalence of Agitation in an Urban County Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 72:4, pages 361-370.
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Simon Baldwin, Christine Hall, Brittany Blaskovits, Craig Bennell, Chris Lawrence & Tori Semple. (2018) Excited delirium syndrome (ExDS): Situational factors and risks to officer safety in non-fatal use of force encounters. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 60, pages 26-34.
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Brian J. Maguire, Barbara J. O’Neill, Peter O’Meara, Matthew Browne & Michael T. Dealy. (2018) Preventing EMS workplace violence: A mixed-methods analysis of insights from assaulted medics. Injury 49:7, pages 1258-1265.
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S.N. Kunz, S. Þórðardóttir & R. Rúnarsdóttir. (2018) Restraint-related asphyxia on the basis of a drug-induced excited delirium. Forensic Science International 288, pages e5-e9.
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Philippe Gonin, Nicolas Beysard, Bertrand Yersin & Pierre‐Nicolas Carron. (2017) Excited Delirium: A Systematic Review. Academic Emergency Medicine 25:5, pages 552-565.
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Jon B. Cole, Lauren R. Klein, Paul C. Nystrom, Johanna C. Moore, Brian E. Driver, Brandon J. Fryza, Justin Harrington & Jeffrey D. Ho. (2018) A prospective study of ketamine as primary therapy for prehospital profound agitation. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 36:5, pages 789-796.
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James R. Miner. (2018) Ketamine is a good first-line option for severely agitated patients in the prehospital environment. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 36:3, pages 501-502.
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J. Michael KowalskiKathryn T. KopecJane LavelleKevin Osterhoudt. (2017) A Novel Agent for Management of Agitated Delirium. Pediatric Emergency Care 33:9, pages e58-e62.
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Mark G. Roback. 2017. Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Target Controlled Infusions. Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Target Controlled Infusions 245 265 .
Travis D. Olives, Paul C. Nystrom, Jon B. Cole, Kenneth W. Dodd & Jeffrey D. Ho. (2016) Intubation of Profoundly Agitated Patients Treated with Prehospital Ketamine. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31:6, pages 593-602.
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Thomas R. Scaggs, David M. Glass, Megan Gleason Hutchcraft & William B. Weir. (2016) Prehospital Ketamine is a Safe and Effective Treatment for Excited Delirium in a Community Hospital Based EMS System. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31:5, pages 563-569.
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Stefania Schiavone, Margherita Neri, Emanuela Mhillaj, Cristoforo Pomara, Luigia Trabace & Emanuela Turillazzi. (2016) The role of the NADPH oxidase derived brain oxidative stress in the cocaine-related death associated with excited delirium: A literature review. Toxicology Letters 258, pages 29-35.
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Simon Baldwin, Christine Hall, Craig Bennell, Brittany Blaskovits & Chris Lawrence. (2016) Distinguishing features of Excited Delirium Syndrome in non-fatal use of force encounters. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 41, pages 21-27.
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Steven M. Green & Gary Andolfatto. (2016) Let’s “Take ’Em Down” With a Ketamine Blow Dart. Annals of Emergency Medicine 67:5, pages 588-590.
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C.A. Hall. 2016. Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine. Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine 441 452 .
Juan Wang, Zhiwei Li, Yu Yu, Bo Li, Gaohai Shao & Qunbo Wang. (2015) Risk factors contributing to postoperative delirium in geriatric patients postorthopedic surgery. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 7:4, pages 375-382.
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Nathan Deal, Michelle Hong, Anu Matorin & Asim A. Shah. (2015) Stabilization and Management of the Acutely Agitated or Psychotic Patient. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 33:4, pages 739-752.
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Derek L. Isenberg & Dorian Jacobs. (2015) Prehospital Agitation and Sedation Trial (PhAST): A Randomized Control Trial of Intramuscular Haloperidol versus Intramuscular Midazolam for the Sedation of the Agitated or Violent Patient in the Prehospital Environment. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 30:5, pages 491-495.
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David K. Tan, William P. Bozeman & Denis FitzGerald. 2015. Emergency Medical Services. Emergency Medical Services 353 362 .
Aaron BurnettDolly PanchalBjorn PetersonEric ErnestKent GriffithRalph J FrasconeKristin Engebretsen. (2015) The Administration of Prehospital Ketamine for Chemical Restraint Does Not Prolong On-Scene Times Compared to Haloperidol Based Sedation. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine 12, pages 1-7.
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James R. Jauchem. (2015) Exposures to Conducted Electrical Weapons (Including TASER ® Devices): How Many and for How Long are Acceptable? . Journal of Forensic Sciences 60, pages S116-S129.
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Aaron M. Burnett, Bjorn K. Peterson, Samuel J. Stellpflug, Kristin M. Engebretsen, Katherine J. Glasrud, Jordan Marks & Ralph J. Frascone. (2015) The association between ketamine given for prehospital chemical restraint with intubation and hospital admission. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 33:1, pages 76-79.
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Jared Strote, Marilyn Walsh, Daniel Auerbach, Thomas Burns & Patrick Maher. (2014) Medical conditions and restraint in patients experiencing excited delirium. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 32:9, pages 1093-1096.
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David A. Scott, Lisbeth A. Evered & Brendan S. Silbert. (2014) Cardiac Surgery, the Brain, and Inflammation. The Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology 46:1, pages 15-22.
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Anne-Michelle Ruha & Michael Levine. (2014) Central Nervous System Toxicity. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 32:1, pages 205-221.
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