496
Views
67
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Rapid Communication

Methoxetamine associated reversible cerebellar toxicity: Three cases with analytical confirmation

, , , , &
Pages 438-440 | Received 29 Feb 2012, Accepted 03 Apr 2012, Published online: 11 May 2012

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (5)

Stephen Thornton, David Lisbon, Thomas Lin & Roy Gerona. (2017) Beyond Ketamine and Phencyclidine: Analytically Confirmed Use of Multiple Novel Arylcyclohexylamines. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 49:4, pages 289-293.
Read now
Stephen J. Mounsey, Paul I. Dargan, Maryon Stewart, Andrew Brown, Nicola Newton & David M. Wood. (2016) Perceived risk of using novel psychoactive substances in school students: lower in users compared to non-users. Journal of Substance Use 21:3, pages 323-326.
Read now
P. I. Dargan, H. C. Tang, W. Liang, D. M. Wood & D. T. Yew. (2014) Three months of methoxetamine administration is associated with significant bladder and renal toxicity in mice. Clinical Toxicology 52:3, pages 176-180.
Read now
Anette Kjellgren & Kristoffer Jonsson. (2013) Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 45:3, pages 276-286.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (62)

Wen Hu, Cuimei Liu, Zhendong Hua, Jing Li & Zhiyu Li. (2023) Metabolism of four novel structural analogs of ketamine, 2‐FXE [2‐(ethylamino)‐2‐(2‐fluorophenyl) cyclohexan‐1‐one], 2‐MDCK [2‐(methylamino)‐2‐( o ‐tolyl) cyclohexan‐1‐one], 3‐DMXE [2‐(ethylamino)‐2‐( m ‐tolyl) cyclohexan‐1‐one], and 2‐DMXE [2‐(ethylamino)‐2‐( o ‐tolyl) cyclohexan‐1‐one], in human liver microsomes based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry . Biomedical Chromatography.
Crossref
Miroslava Bursová, Tomáš Hložek, Miloš Sokol, Monika Židková & Radomír Čabala. (2023) Methoxetamine and its metabolites: Postmortem determination in body fluids of human cadaver. Journal of Analytical Toxicology.
Crossref
Romain Pelletier, Brendan Le Daré, Diane Le Bouëdec, Angéline Kernalléguen, Pierre-Jean Ferron, Isabelle Morel & Thomas Gicquel. (2022) Arylcyclohexylamine Derivatives: Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, Clinical and Forensic Aspects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:24, pages 15574.
Crossref
Ana Y. Simão, Mónica Antunes, Emanuel Cabral, Patrik Oliveira, Luana M. Rosendo, Ana Teresa Brinca, Estefânia Alves, Hernâni Marques, Tiago Rosado, Luís A. Passarinha, Maristela Andraus, Mário Barroso & Eugenia Gallardo. (2022) An Update on the Implications of New Psychoactive Substances in Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:8, pages 4869.
Crossref
Deborah Dal Farra, Alice Valdesalici, Giancarlo Zecchinato, Alfio De Sandre, Diego Saccon, Pierluigi Simonato, Ornella Corazza, Giovanni Martinotti, Andrew L. Smith & Marco Solmi. (2022) Knowledge and Use of Novel Psychoactive Substances in an Italian Sample with Substance Use Disorders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:2, pages 915.
Crossref
John R.H. Archer. 2022. Novel Psychoactive Substances. Novel Psychoactive Substances 131 156 .
Mark D. Salter & Naren Gunja. 2022. Novel Psychoactive Substances. Novel Psychoactive Substances 381 414 .
Matteo Marti, Giuseppe Talani, Cristina Miliano, Sabrine Bilel, Francesca Biggio, Jessica Bratzu, Marco Diana, Maria Antonietta De Luca & Liana Fattore. (2021) New insights into methoxetamine mechanisms of action: Focus on serotonergic 5-HT2 receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects in the rat. Experimental Neurology 345, pages 113836.
Crossref
Kwang‐Hyun Hur, Seong‐Eon Kim, Shi‐Xun Ma, Bo‐Ram Lee, Yong‐Hyun Ko, Jee‐Yeon Seo, Seon‐Kyung Kim, Young‐Jung Kim, Su‐Jeong Sung, Youyoung Lee, Young Hoon Jung, Yong‐Sup Lee, Seok‐Yong Lee & Choon‐Gon Jang. (2021) Methoxphenidine (MXP) induced abnormalities: Addictive and schizophrenia‐related behaviours based on an imbalance of neurochemicals in the brain. British Journal of Pharmacology 178:19, pages 3869-3887.
Crossref
Wing-Chi Cheng & Kwok-Leung Dao. (2020) The Emergence of Deschloro- N -ethyl-ketamine, a Ketamine Analog, in Drug Seizures and Drug Driving Cases in Hong Kong . Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44:8, pages 886-895.
Crossref
Dino Luethi & Matthias E. Liechti. (2020) Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects. Archives of Toxicology 94:4, pages 1085-1133.
Crossref
Michael D. Coleman. 2020. Human Drug Metabolism. Human Drug Metabolism 571 625 .
Giulia Costa, MariaAntonietta De Luca, Gessica Piras, Jacopo Marongiu, Liana Fattore & Nicola Simola. (2020) Neuronal and peripheral damages induced by synthetic psychoactive substances: an update of recent findings from human and animal studies. Neural Regeneration Research 15:5, pages 802.
Crossref
Abu Shafi, Alex J. Berry, Harry Sumnall, David M. Wood & Derek K. Tracy. (2020) New psychoactive substances: a review and updates. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 10, pages 204512532096719.
Crossref
Sabrina Lehmann, Tobias Kieliba, Mario Thevis, Markus A. Rothschild & Katja Mercer-Chalmers-Bender. (2019) Fatalities associated with NPS stimulants in the Greater Cologne area. International Journal of Legal Medicine 134:1, pages 229-241.
Crossref
Giulia Costa, Marcello Serra, Nicholas Pintori, Maria Antonietta Casu, Mary Tresa Zanda, Daniela Murtas, Maria Antonietta De Luca, Nicola Simola & Liana Fattore. (2019) The novel psychoactive substance methoxetamine induces persistent behavioral abnormalities and neurotoxicity in rats. Neuropharmacology 144, pages 219-232.
Crossref
Andrea Ossato, Sabrine Bilel, Adolfo Gregori, Anna Talarico, Claudio Trapella, Rosa Maria Gaudio, Fabio De-Giorgio, Franco Tagliaro, Margherita Neri, Liana Fattore & Matteo Marti. (2018) Neurological, sensorimotor and cardiorespiratory alterations induced by methoxetamine, ketamine and phencyclidine in mice. Neuropharmacology 141, pages 167-180.
Crossref
Sabrina Lehmann, Bastian Schulze, Andreas Thomas, Thomas Kamphausen, Mario Thevis, Markus A. Rothschild & Katja Mercer-Chalmers-Bender. (2018) Organ distribution of 4-MEC, MDPV, methoxetamine and α-PVP: comparison of QuEChERS and SPE. Forensic Toxicology 36:2, pages 320-333.
Crossref
James H. Ho & Paul I. Dargan. 2018. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1 47 .
Jason Wallach & Simon D. Brandt. 2018. New Psychoactive Substances. New Psychoactive Substances 305 352 .
Simon L. Hill & Paul I. Dargan. 2018. New Psychoactive Substances. New Psychoactive Substances 475 494 .
Anne Zwartsen, Anouk H.A. Verboven, Regina G.D.M. van Kleef, Fiona M.J. Wijnolts, Remco H.S. Westerink & Laura Hondebrink. (2017) Measuring inhibition of monoamine reuptake transporters by new psychoactive substances (NPS) in real-time using a high-throughput, fluorescence-based assay. Toxicology in Vitro 45, pages 60-71.
Crossref
M T Zanda, P Fadda, S Antinori, M Di Chio, W Fratta, C Chiamulera & L Fattore. (2017) Methoxetamine affects brain processing involved in emotional response in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 174:19, pages 3333-3345.
Crossref
Ritva Karinen & Gudrun Høiseth. (2017) A literature review of blood concentrations of new psychoactive substances classified as phenethylamines, aminoindanes, arylalkylamines, arylcyclohexylamines, and indolalkylamines. Forensic Science International 276, pages 120-125.
Crossref
James H. Ho & Paul I. Dargan. 2017. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1439 1484 .
Mary T. Zanda, Paola Fadda, Cristiano Chiamulera, Walter Fratta & Liana Fattore. (2016) Methoxetamine, a novel psychoactive substance with serious adverse pharmacological effects: a review of case reports and preclinical findings. Behavioural Pharmacology 27:6, pages 489-496.
Crossref
Rachel R. Horsley, Eva Lhotkova, Katerina Hajkova, Bronislav Jurasek, Martin Kuchar & Tomas Palenicek. (2016) Detailed pharmacological evaluation of methoxetamine (MXE), a novel psychoactive ketamine analogue—Behavioural, pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies in the Wistar rat. Brain Research Bulletin 126, pages 102-110.
Crossref
L. Hondebrink, A.H.A. Verboven, W.S. Drega, S. Schmeink, M.W.G.D.M. de Groot, R.G.D.M. van Kleef, F.M.J. Wijnolts, A. de Groot, J. Meulenbelt & R.H.S. Westerink. (2016) Neurotoxicity screening of (illicit) drugs using novel methods for analysis of microelectrode array (MEA) recordings. NeuroToxicology 55, pages 1-9.
Crossref
Anna Mutti, Sonia Aroni, Paola Fadda, Laura Padovani, Laura Mancini, Roberto Collu, Anna Lisa Muntoni, Liana Fattore & Cristiano Chiamulera. (2016) The ketamine-like compound methoxetamine substitutes for ketamine in the self-administration paradigm and enhances mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission. Psychopharmacology 233:12, pages 2241-2251.
Crossref
Cristiano Chiamulera, Federica Armani, Anna Mutti & Liana Fattore. (2016) The ketamine analogue methoxetamine generalizes to ketamine discriminative stimulus in rats. Behavioural Pharmacology 27:2 and 3 - Special Issue, pages 204-210.
Crossref
Adam R. Winstock, Will Lawn, Paolo Deluca & Rohan Borschmann. (2016) Methoxetamine: An early report on the motivations for use, effect profile and prevalence of use in a UK clubbing sample. Drug and Alcohol Review 35:2, pages 212-217.
Crossref
Katerina Hajkova, Bronislav Jurasek, David Sykora, Tomas Palenicek, Petra Miksatkova & Martin Kuchar. (2015) Salting-out-assisted liquid–liquid extraction as a suitable approach for determination of methoxetamine in large sets of tissue samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408:4, pages 1171-1181.
Crossref
James H. Ho & Paul I. Dargan. 2016. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1 46 .
Steven Karch & Olaf Drummer. 2015. Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse, Fifth Edition. Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse, Fifth Edition 697 754 .
Kathleen S Bonnici, Paul I Dargan & David M Wood. (2015) Novel psychoactive substances or ‘legal highs'. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 76:9, pages C130-C134.
Crossref
R. Giorgetti, D. Marcotulli, A. Tagliabracci & F. Schifano. (2015) Effects of ketamine on psychomotor, sensory and cognitive functions relevant for driving ability. Forensic Science International 252, pages 127-142.
Crossref
Stefania Chiappini, Hugh Claridge, John M. Corkery, Christine Goodair, Barbara Loi & Fabrizio Schifano. (2015) Methoxetamine-related deaths in the UK: an overview. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 30:4, pages 244-248.
Crossref
Agnieszka Wiesner, Aleksandra Tyl & Jolanta B. Zawilska. (2015) Metoksetamina – nowy związek psychoaktywny („dopalacz”) o silnym działaniu psychodysleptycznym. Alcoholism and Drug Addiction 28:2, pages 131-138.
Crossref
François Chavant, Alexandra Boucher, Reynald Le Boisselier, Sylvie Deheul & Danièle Debruyne. (2015) New Synthetic Drugs in Addictovigilance. Therapies 70:2, pages 179-189.
Crossref
François Chavant, Alexandra Boucher, Reynald Le Boisselier, Sylvie Deheul & Danièle Debruyne. (2015) Nouvelles drogues de synthèse en addictovigilance. Therapies 70:2, pages 167-178.
Crossref
Laura Hondebrink, Johanna J. Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen, Daan Van Der Gouwe & Tibor M. Brunt. (2015) Monitoring new psychoactive substances (NPS) in The Netherlands: Data from the drug market and the Poisons Information Centre. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 147, pages 109-115.
Crossref
Piotr Adamowicz & Dariusz Zuba. (2015) Fatal Intoxication with Methoxetamine. Journal of Forensic Sciences 60, pages S264-S268.
Crossref
Jolanta B. Zawilska. (2014) Methoxetamine – a novel recreational drug with potent hallucinogenic properties. Toxicology Letters 230:3, pages 402-407.
Crossref
Laurent Imbert, Alexandra Boucher, Gilles Delhome, Thierry Cueto, Michel Boudinaud, Julie Maublanc, Sylvain Dulaurent, Jacques Descotes, Gérard Lachâtre & Jean-Michel Gaulier. (2014) Analytical Findings of an Acute Intoxication after Inhalation of Methoxetamine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 38:7, pages 410-415.
Crossref
D. M. Wood, S. L. Hill, S. H. L. Thomas & P. I. Dargan. (2014) Using poisons information service data to assess the acute harms associated with novel psychoactive substances. Drug Testing and Analysis 6:7-8, pages 850-860.
Crossref
Hamilton Morris & Jason Wallach. (2014) From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis 6:7-8, pages 614-632.
Crossref
E. L. Menzies, S. C. Hudson, P. I. Dargan, M. C. Parkin, D. M. Wood & A. T. Kicman. (2014) Characterizing metabolites and potential metabolic pathways for the novel psychoactive substance methoxetamine. Drug Testing and Analysis 6:6, pages 506-515.
Crossref
Albert A. Elian & Jeffery Hackett. (2014) A Polydrug Intoxication Involving Methoxetamine in a Drugs and Driving Case. Journal of Forensic Sciences 59:3, pages 854-858.
Crossref
Marek Wiergowski, Jacek Anand, Maciej Krzy?anowski & Zbigniew Jankowski. (2014) Acute methoxetamine and amphetamine poisoning with fatal outcome: A case report. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 27:4.
Crossref
Simon L Hill, Siân C D Harbon, James Coulson, Gillian A Cooper, Gill Jackson, David J Lupton, J Allister Vale & Simon H L Thomas. (2014) Methoxetamine toxicity reported to the National Poisons Information Service: clinical characteristics and patterns of enquiries (including the period of the introduction of the UK's first Temporary Class Drug Order). Emergency Medicine Journal 31:1, pages 45-47.
Crossref
David E. Nichols & William E. Fantegrossi. 2014. The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System. The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System 575 596 .
Yasir Al-Saffar, Niclas Nikolai Stephanson & Olof Beck. (2013) Multicomponent LC–MS/MS screening method for detection of new psychoactive drugs, legal highs, in urine—Experience from the Swedish population. Journal of Chromatography B 930, pages 112-120.
Crossref
Markus R. Meyer, Martina Bach, Jessica Welter, Michael Bovens, Alain Turcant & Hans H. Maurer. (2013) Ketamine-derived designer drug methoxetamine: metabolism including isoenzyme kinetics and toxicological detectability using GC-MS and LC-(HR-)MS n. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405:19, pages 6307-6321.
Crossref
Ornella Corazza, Sulaf Assi & Fabrizio Schifano. (2013) From “Special K” to “Special M”: The Evolution of the Recreational Use of Ketamine and Methoxetamine. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 19:6, pages 454-460.
Crossref
G. De Paoli, S. D. Brandt, J. Wallach, R. P. Archer & D. J. Pounder. (2013) From the Street to the Laboratory: Analytical Profiles of Methoxetamine, 3-Methoxyeticyclidine and 3-Methoxyphencyclidine and their Determination in Three Biological Matrices. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 37:5, pages 277-283.
Crossref
Bryan L. Roth, Simon Gibbons, Warunya Arunotayanun, Xi-Ping Huang, Vincent Setola, Ric Treble & Les Iversen. (2013) The Ketamine Analogue Methoxetamine and 3- and 4-Methoxy Analogues of Phencyclidine Are High Affinity and Selective Ligands for the Glutamate NMDA Receptor. PLoS ONE 8:3, pages e59334.
Crossref
M. Coppola & R. Mondola. (2013) 5-Iodo-2-aminoindan (5-IAI): Chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of a research chemical producing MDMA-like effects. Toxicology Letters 218:1, pages 24-29.
Crossref
J. R. H. Archer, P. I. Dargan, S. Hudson & D. M. Wood. (2012) Analysis of anonymous pooled urine from portable urinals in central London confirms the significant use of novel psychoactive substances. QJM 106:2, pages 147-152.
Crossref
S?verine F?rec, Marie Bretaudeau-Deguigne, B?n?dicte Leli?vre, David Boels, Chlo? Bruneau, Isabelle Leborgne, Patrick Harry, Bertrand Diquet & Alain Turcant. (2013) Expositions r?cr?atives de 8 patients aux nouvelles drogues de synth?se obtenues sur Internet : ? propos de 3,4-m?thyl?nedioxypyroval?rone (MDPV) et de m?thox?tamine (MXE). Annales de Toxicologie Analytique 25:2, pages 47-56.
Crossref
Emuri Abe, Florian Ricard, Philippe Charlier, Geoffroy de la Grandmaison & Jean-Claude Alvarez. (2013) Intoxication non létale par la Méthoxétamine : confirmation analytique à l’aide d’un système d’extraction en ligne Turboflow® couplé à de la LC/MS/MS. Annales de Toxicologie Analytique 25:1, pages 17-25.
Crossref
Shaun L. Greene. 2013. Novel Psychoactive Substances. Novel Psychoactive Substances 393 409 .
Emuri Abe, Florian Ricard, François Darrouzain & Jean Claude Alvarez. (2012) An automated method for measurement of methoxetamine in human plasma by use of turbulent flow on-line extraction coupled with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric detection. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405:1, pages 239-245.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.