Plasma: indications, controversies, and opportunities

ABSTRACT

Plasma is overused as a blood product worldwide; however, data supporting appropriate use of plasma is scant. Its most common utilization is for treatment of coagulopathy in actively bleeding patients; it is also used for coagulation optimization prior to procedures with specific coagulation profile targets. A baseline literature review in PUBMED and Google Scholar was done (1 January 2000 to 1 June 2023), utilizing the following search terms: plasma, fresh frozen plasma, lyophilized plasma, indications, massive transfusion protocol, liver disease, warfarin reversal, cardiothoracic surgery, INR < 2. An initial review of the titles and abstracts excluded all articles that were not focused on transfusional medicine. Additional references were obtained from citations within the retrieved articles. This narrative review discusses the main indications for appropriate plasma use, mainly coagulation factor replacement, major hemorrhage protocol, coagulopathy in liver disease, bleeding in the setting of vitamin K antagonists, among others. The correlation between concentration of coagulation factors and INR, as well as the proper plasma dosing with its volume being weight-based, is also discussed. A high value approach to plasma utilization is supported with a review of the clinical situations where plasma is overutilized or unnecessary. Finally, a discussion of novel plasma products is presented for enhanced awareness.

KEYWORDS:

• Plasma
• transfusion
• high value
• coagulopathy
• liver disease
• dosing

Declaration of financial

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants, or patents received or pending, or royalties. Peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Author contributions

Michael Benson – manuscript conception and design, review and synthesis of literature, and manuscript preparation. Deborah Tolich – manuscript conception and design, review and synthesis of literature, and manuscript preparation. Jeannie L. Callum – manuscript conception and design, review and synthesis of literature, and manuscript preparation. Moises Auron – manuscript conception and design, review and synthesis of literature, and manuscript preparation.

Additional information

Funding

This paper was not funded.