Abstract
Rapid growth in electrical transportation and a shift towards clean energy from distributed renewable energy sources are sustainable options to crack down on the demand and usage of electricity. In this paper, grid-assisted electric vehicle (EV) rapid charging facilities empowered by photovoltaic modules and battery stacks are utilised. Further, an effective interactive mechanism between EV and renewable power sources to improve system reliability – 15 efficient modes of charging are employed for the grid-connected charging station. Moreover, for long run of the charging facility, sizing components of the EV charging facilities are optimised by meta-heuristic barebones Harris hawk optimisation with a net profit of US 0.0084/kWh in criteria of no profit/loss. This is also confirmed by the swarm-style memetic grasshopper optimisation algorithm and multifarious particle swarm optimisation.
Acknowledgements
The authors like to admit the support in providing a strong research environment by ‘The Islamia University of Bahawalpur’, Pakistan. The researchers are also grateful to the SKE – School of Elektrik Engineering (SKE) University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).