Mandarin peel ethanolic extract attenuates diclofenac sodium induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation

Abstract

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) constitute approximately one-third of the global pharmaceutical market and are the first drugs of choice when treating fever and pain. Furthermore, among NSAIDs, the use of diclofenac sodium (DS) is preferred as it is a strong inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzyme. However, despite its strong efficacy, DS is known for its potential to cause hepatorenal damage. Currently, to mitigate the adverse effects of certain drugs, medically effective agricultural products are often preferred as they are inexpensive, effective and safe. One such agricultural product—mandarin—is noteworthy for its high phenolic contents. The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of mandarin peel ethanolic extract (MPEE) in protecting against hepatorenal damage induced by DS. Four groups (six/group) of adult male albino rats received oral administration of physiological saline (control group), DS (10 mg/kg body weight), MPEE (200 mg/kg body weight), and DS + MPEE for 7 days. Rats in the DS group showed increased serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, CRE, and UA. Furthermore, the hepatic and renal tissue levels of MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β increased, whereas those of GSH, SOD, GP-x and IL-10 decreased (p < 0.05). Investigation of MPEE in terms of its effects on biochemical, oxidative and inflammatory parameters, it exerted protective and healing effects. Therefore, MPEE can be used to ameliorate DS-induced hepatorenal damage.

Keywords:

• Diclofenac sodium
• mandarin peel
• ethanolic extract
• hepatorenal
• toxicity

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Afyon Kocatepe, for providing the laboratory facilities, technical knowledge, and assistance for this study. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Ethical approval

All animal procedures were executed after obtaining the approval of Afyon Kocatepe University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (approval no: 49533702/311).

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Yavuz Osman Birdane and Recep Aslan; methodology: Hülya Atik and Orkun Atik; writing and editing: Yavuz Osman Birdane, Hülya Atik, Orkun Atik, Recep Aslan. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.