The evolution of regional wildlife conservation, environmental protection and anti-poaching law in the Southern African development community

Abstract

Environmental laws in Africa have their roots in the political economy of colonialism. This article examines the evolution of wildlife crime and conservation institutional framework in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. SADC countries have ratified multilateral environmental agreements and embraced Transboundary Conservation Areas. However, SADC states are hesitant to ratify treaties that make inroads into their sovereignty. Classification of poaching as a transnational organised crime is essential in effectively combating this crime. Policy recommendation on the effective use of wildlife instruments is made. It is recommended that the SADC Tribunal be resuscitated with jurisdiction over transnational environmental issues.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

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9 Ibid.

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82 Ruppel (n 73) 126.

83 Article I (1) of the Revised Convention.

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113 Article XXVII of the Revised Convention.

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117 Paragraph 3 of the Preamble to the Lusaka Agreement.

118 Ibid.

119 Paragraph 7 of the Preamble to the Lusaka Agreement.

120 Paragraph 9 of the Preamble to the Lusaka Agreement.

121 Paragraph 5 of the Preamble to the Lusaka Agreement.

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127 Article 4(7) of the Lusaka Agreement.

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132 See generally, Watts (n 125).

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136 Article 4(2) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

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138 Article 2(c) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

139 Article 4(1) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

140 Article 10(3) of SADC Wildlife Protocol.

141 Article 7(a) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

142 Article 2(4) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

143 T. Coetzee, Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in SADC: Shifting Paradigms in Biodiversity Conservation (Unpublished LLM Dissertation, 2015) 40.

144 Ibid.

145 Article 3 of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

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147 Article 9 (4) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

148 Article 9(3)(c) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

149 Article 9(3)(a) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

150 Article 9(3)(b) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

151 Article 1(2)(c) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

152 C. Zanamwe and others, ‘Ecotourism and Wildlife Conservation-related Enterprise Development by Local Communities within Southern Africa: Perspectives from the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation, South-Eastern Lowveld, Zimbabwe’ (2018) 4 Cogent Environmental Science. DOI: 10.1080/23311843.2018.1531463

153 W. Wolmer, ‘Transboundary Conservation: The Politics of Ecological Integrity in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park’ (2003) 29(1) Journal of Southern African Studies 261.

154 W. Scholtz, ‘Injecting Compassion into International Wildlife Law: From Conservation to Protection?’ (2017) 6(3) Transnational Environmental Law 463.

155 P.K. Mogomotsi and others, ‘An Analysis of Communities’ Attitudes Toward Wildlife and Implications for Wildlife Sustainability’ (2020) 13 Tropical Conservation Science 1-9. DOI: 10.1177/1940082920915603.

156 Article 7(4) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

157 O.M Modise and others, ‘Toward sustainable Conservation and Management of Human-Wildlife Interactions in the Mmadinare Region of Botswana: Villagers’ Perceptions on Challenges and Prospects’ (2018) 12(2) Human-Wildlife Interactions 220.

158 Article 7(6) of the SADC Wildlife Protocol.

159 K. Brown, ‘Innovations for Conservation and Development’ (2002) 168(1) The Geographical Journal 6.

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161 <https://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/ministers-environment-and-natural-resources-and-organ-defence-peace-and-security-adopt-sadc-law-enforcement-and-anti-poaching-st/> accessed 13 December 2019.

162 Southern African Development Community SADC Law Enforcement and Anti-Poaching Strategy (Gaborone: SADC Secretariat, 2017) 1.

163 Ibid.

164 Ibid.

165 Ibid.

166 Ibid at 7.

167 Ibid at 29.

168 Ibid.

169 Ibid.

170 Ibid at 30.

171 Ibid.

172 G. Borgstede, ‘Cultural Property, the Parlemo Convention, and the Transnational Organized Crime’ (2014) 21 International Journal of Cultural Property 281.

173 Article 1 of the Palermo Convention.

174 Article 6(1)(a)(i) of the Palermo Convention.

175 Ibid.

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177 B.S. Cho, ‘Emergence of an International Environmental Criminal Law?’ (2000) 18(1) UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 11.

178 S. Barrett and White, ‘Disrupting Environmental Crime at the Local level: An Operational Perspective. (2017) 3(2) Palgrave Communication. DOI: 10.1057/s41599-017-0006-3.

179 N.A. Robinson, ‘Ensuring Access to Justice Through Environmental Courts’ (2012) 29(1) Pace Environmental Law Review 363.

180 A. Rest, ‘Enhanced Implementation of International Environmental Treaties By Judiciary – Access To Justice in International Environmental Law For Individuals and NGOs: Efficacious Enforcement By the Permanent Court of Arbitration’ (2004) 1(1) Macquarie Journal of International and Comparative 1.

181 Ibid.

182 J.E. Ruhangisha, ‘The Scope, Nature and Effect of EAC Law’ (pp. 139-59) in E. Ugirashebuja, J. Eudes Ruhangisa, T. Ottervanger and A. Cuyvers (eds) East African Community Law: Institutional, Substantive and Comparative EU Aspects (Brill Nijhoff, 2017) 146.

183 A. Rachovitsa, ‘On New ‘Judicial Animals’: The Curious Case of an African Court with Material Jurisdiction of a Global Scope’ (2019) 19(2) Human Rights Law Review 255.

184 R.D. Nanima, ‘Prosecution of Rhino Poachers: The Need to Focus on Prosecution of the Higher Echelons of Organised Crime Networks’ (2016) 9(4) African Journal of Legal Studies 221.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Goemeone E. J. Mogomotsi

Goemeone E.J. Mogomotsi, PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow (International Environmental Policy) in the Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Botswana. He has published in water law, natural resources use and policy, waste management, legal aspects of religious freedom and financial services regulation. Goemeone is an admitted attorney, conveyancer and notary public in the Courts of Botswana.

Patricia K. Mogomotsi

Patricia K. Mogomotsi, PhD, is an Associate Professor (Natural Resources Economics) in the Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Botswana. Prof Mogomotsi has published extensively in water institutions and regulation, waste management, tourism economics, climate change adaptation, natural resources management among others.

Caroline Cox

Caroline Cox is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Law, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom. She is Solicitor (Non-Practising) of the Courts of England and Wales. Mrs Cox teaches and publishes in the areas of Wildlife Crime, Equity and Trusts, The Law of Succession and The Legal Project.