Association of coffee drinking with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in over 190,000 individuals: data from two prospective studies

Abstract

We examined the association of coffee drinking with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a pooled analysis of two Korean prospective cohort studies: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. We included 192,222 participants, and a total of 6057 deaths were documented. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and the HRs were combined using a random-effects model. Coffee drinking was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality [HR (95% CI) = 0.84 (0.77–0.92), for ≥3 cups/day of coffee drinking versus non-drinkers; p for trend = 0.004]. We observed the potential benefit of coffee drinking for mortality due to cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and diabetes, but not for cancer mortality. Overall, we found that moderate coffee drinking was associated with a lower risk of death in population-based cohort analysis of Korean adults.

Keywords:

• Coffee drinking
• all-cause mortality
• cause-specific mortality
• cohort study
• pooled analysis
• Korea

Acknowledgments

Data in this study were from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry for Health and Welfare and Cause of Death Statistics, Statistics Korea. Data in this study were from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES; 4851-302), National Research Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry for Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea. The authors would like to thank the participants of the KNHANES and the KoGES.

Author contributions

H.J.Cho performed the statistical analysis; H.J.Cho and J.E.Lee drafted manuscript and interpreted and visualized the results; I.Kim, K-P.Ko, J.E.Lee, and S.K.Park obtained the funding; H.J.Cho, J.Y.Yoo, A.N.Kim, S.Moon, J.Choi, I.Kim, K-P.Ko, S.K.Park, and J.E.Lee critically reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Data availability statement

Investigators are given the permission to use the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) data upon reasonable request and with approval of the National Institute of Health, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry for Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea and the Institutional Review Board. Investigators are given the permission to use the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data upon reasonable request and with approval of Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry for Health and Welfare and Cause of Death Statistics, Statistics Korea and the Institutional Review Board. Data cannot be shared publicly because the information may compromise the privacy of research participants.

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by the Korean Foundation for Cancer Research [Grant Number: CB-2017-A-2].