Ultrasonic mediated dual-site phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of N-butenyl isatin in two phase system- a kinetic study

Abstract

Use of ultrasound as an additional source for promoting polymerization reactions has gained great attention. Phase transfer catalyst (PTC) along with ultrasonication in polymerization process is an attractive methodology to achieve good yield and realizing principles of green chemistry. Herein, we reported the facile polymerization of synthesized novel N-butenyl isatin (NBI) at 60 ± 2 °C with and without ultrasonic irradiation (45 kHz; 550 W) using dual-site phase transfer catalyst (1, 4-bis (triethyl methyl ammonium) benzene dibromide, TEMABDB) and potassium peroxydisulphate (PDS or PPS) as initiator. Ultrasonication (US) promotes the formation of reactive radicals, which can be utilized effectively in phase transfer polymerization process. Hence, the rate was multi-folded (twice) in comparison with silent condition. The effect of sonication frequency and various reaction parameters on the polymerization process were investigated in both conditions. An enhancement of reaction rate under sonication was validated by activation parameter. Synthesized monomer and poly (N-butenyl isatin) was characterized by different spectral methods.

Graphical Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS

• Facile polymerization of N-butenyl isatin by sonication aided dual-site PTC.

• Green approach and mild conditions used for polymerization of NBI.

• Sonication lifts the rate significantly in comparison with standard condition.

• Effects of variables in polymerization rate were explored in both conditions.

• Poly (N-butenyl isatin) was analyzed by different spectral techniques.

Keywords:

• Sonication
• kinetic study
• dual-site phase transfer catalyst
• polymerization rate
• N-butenyl isatin
• eco-friendly approach

Acknowledgments

Author E M is thankful to BSACIST for the JRF and SRF; VM grateful to BSACIST for providing support and facility to do the work.

Authors’ contributions

Author E.M and B.R contributed work equally. Design, conceptualization and writing, V.M; Execution of work, collections of data and fruitful discussion E.M and B.R; Helping in analysis and interpretation V.E and J.K. All authors have read and agreed for the submission. All authors declare no conflict of interest.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data availability statement

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request