Barriers to Quitting Areca Nut Consumption and Joining a Cessation Program as Perceived by Chewer and Nonchewer Populations in Guam

Abstract

Background: Areca nut (AN) is a carcinogenic substance consumed by roughly 600 million individuals worldwide with increasing popularity in Guam. In response, a cessation program was developed and implemented in Guam and Saipan. However, to improve its delivery, it is necessary to understand the reasons influencing recruitment and participation, such as why a chewer may not want to quit or join a cessation program. Objective: To explore barriers inhibiting chewers from quitting AN chewing and from participating in a cessation program. Methods: Nine individual and group discussions were facilitated with a convenience sample of 17 chewers and nonchewers in Guam in 2017. The mean age of the participants was 36.4 years. Recurring themes relating to reasons for not quitting and not joining a cessation program were extracted. Results: Results produced three general categories—Sociocultural, Behavioral, and Accessible. Each category encompasses different attributes concerning reasons not to quit chewing (e.g. addiction, enabling community, or belief that AN is harmless), and reasons influencing lack of participation in a cessation program (e.g. time, transportation, or relatability). Conclusions: Current findings suggest chewers are unaware of the harmful effects of AN. Also, they may not comprehend the purpose of a cessation program. In addition, the likelihood of chewers participating in a cessation program is influenced by their level of comfort with the program and personnel, and whether a program addresses their time and transportation limitations.

Keywords:

• Areca (betel) nut
• cessation program
• quitting
• barriers

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the study volunteers for their participation in this study. The authors would also extend our gratitude to Jennifer Lai of the University of Hawaii Cancer Center for editorial assistance.

Declaration of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the article.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute [grant number: U54CA143728].