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Research Article

Influence of competition on root architecture and root anchorage of young hybrid poplar plantations on waste rock slopes

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Pages 97-112 | Received 28 Mar 2023, Accepted 29 Jul 2023, Published online: 13 Aug 2023
 

ABSTRACT

Root systems are crucial to tree and soil stability in terms of mechanical support, but are rarely considered in revegetation studies. This study aimed at determining the effect of planting density and herbaceous hydroseeding on the root architecture and mechanical resistance to uprooting of planted hybrid poplars on waste rock piles. The study took place at an open pit gold mine in the Canadian boreal zone where a hybrid poplar plantation was established in 2013 on soil-covered waste rock slopes (33%). Four treatments were randomly distributed in three replicated blocks: 4 × 4 m, 2 × 2 m, 1 × 1 m between trees and 2 × 2 m + h, corresponding to trees spaced at 2 × 2 m with hydroseeding. Lateral uprooting tests of four-year-old hybrid poplars were conducted in the direction of the slope. Maximum resistance to the uprooting force was observed in the 2 × 2 m treatment. Root systems were more symmetrical, deep, branched, and had higher root diameters in the 2 × 2 m and 4 × 4 m treatments. In contrast, the treatments with greater intra- or interspecific competition showed shallower, asymmetrical root systems with smaller roots. Therefore, competition significantly reduced tree anchorage.

Résumé

Les systèmes racinaires sont essentiels à la stabilité des arbres et du sol en termes de support mécanique, mais sont rarement considérés dans les études de végétalisation. Cette recherche visait à déterminer l’effet de la densité de plantation et de l’hydroensemencement herbacé sur l’architecture racinaire et la résistance mécanique au déracinement de peupliers hybrides plantés dans les pentes de stériles. L’étude a eu lieu à une mine d’or à ciel ouvert située dans la forêt boréale canadienne. Une plantation de peuplier hybride a été installée en 2013 sur des pentes de stériles recouvertes de sol (3 H:1 V), avec quatre traitements répartis au hasard en trois blocs de répétition : 4 × 4 m, 2 × 2 m et 1 × 1 m d’espacement entre les arbres, ainsi que 2 × 2 m + h correspondant à un espacement de 2 × 2 m avec hydroensemencement herbacé. Des tests d’arrachement latéraux de peupliers hybrides âgés de quatre ans ont été effectués dans le sens de la pente. La résistance maximale à la force d’arrachement a été observée pour le traitement de 2 × 2 m. Les systèmes racinaires étaient plus symétriques, profonds, ramifiés et avaient des diamètres racinaires plus élevés pour les traitements 2 × 2 m et 4 × 4 m. En revanche, les traitements avec une plus grande compétition intra- ou interspécifique ont montré des systèmes racinaires moins profonds, asymétriques et avec des racines plus petites. Par conséquent, la compétition a réduit considérablement l’ancrage des arbres.

Acknowledgments

We thank the research technician and undergraduate students who helped in the fieldwork. We also thank the RIME-UQAT-Polytechnique consortium and the Unité de recherche et de service en technologie minérale (URSTM) for supporting this research project.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2023.2244298

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQNT), and the Canadian Malartic Partnership.

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