Prophylactic versus therapeutic caffeine for apnea of prematurity: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background

Therapeutic initiation of methyxanthines for treatment of apnea in preterm infants was the standard policy. Caffeine therapy is beneficial for various outcomes of preterm infants.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of early prophylactic compared to routine therapeutic caffeine therapy on duration of oxygen support and other outcomes of preterm infants.

Methods

In a randomized controlled trial including preterm infants < 32 weeks’ gestation, prophylactic (in the first 72 h of life) versus therapeutic (only if apnea exists or infant requires mechanical ventilation) decision of caffeine was compared. The primary outcome was the duration of oxygen therapy. Secondary outcomes included duration of respiratory support modalities; bronchoplumonary dysplasia (BPD); necrotizing enterocolitis; intra-ventricular hemorrhage; retinopathy of prematurity; length of hospital stay (LOS); neonatal mortality; and caffeine side effects.

Results

We enrolled 90 infants in the prophylactic and 91 infants in therapeutic groups respectively. Prophylactic caffeine decreased the duration of oxygen therapy [median and IQR of 28 (18–36) days versus 34 (23–51) days, p = .005 respectively]. Prophylactic caffeine significantly decreased the durations of respiratory support modalities, LOS, and incidences of mild to moderate BPD without reported effects on the incidence of severe BPD or other clinical outcomes compared to therapeutic caffeine. A significantly higher proportion of infants in the prophylactic caffeine group did not require mechanical ventilation during their NICU admission and a significant lower proportion required late mechanical ventilation compared to the prophylactic caffeine group.

Conclusion

Prophylactic caffeine decreased the duration of oxygen therapy, invasive and noninvasive ventilation, incidences of mild to moderate BPD, and LOS in preterm infants.

Keywords:

• Preterm infant
• apnea
• caffeine
• mechanical ventilation
• neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
• xanthines

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Miss Eitemad Arafaa for her effort in randomization and allocation of infants into study groups. We would like to thank the parents and families in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Mansoura University Children’s Hospital.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).