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ABSTRACT
Zeolite-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite membrane (ZBCN) has been prepared and evaluated as a catalyst in the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) to give biodiesel. Bacterial cellulose membrane was obtained during cultivation of Komagataeibacter as a bacterial isolate; meanwhile, zeolite A (ZA) was prepared from Egyptian ores. The results confirmed that, the amount of triglyceride (TG) converted into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was ≥77%, while the total conversion of TG and the conversion to other compounds were 84.4% and 7.4%, respectively, during 9 h and methanol to TG 40:1 molar ratio. XRD, SEM, EDX, and zeta potential measurements were utilized to characterize the prepared catalyst. TLC and HPTLC were employed to prove biodiesel successful synthesis and quantify its percentage in the product, respectively. The composition of FAMEs was determined by GC-MS. It revealed that the major components in the synthesized FAMEs were palmitic acid methyl ester (40.2%), oleic acid methyl ester (53%), and linoleic acid methyl ester (5.4%). The saponification number, iodine value, cetane number, and higher heating values of the synthesized biodiesel were 193.3 mg KOH/g, 54.6 g I/100 g, 62.26, and 42.3 MJ/kg, respectively, which meet the qualification of international standards. The acidity (1.68 mg KOH/g) and the viscosity (10 cSt) of the synthesized biodiesel by ZBCN showed superiority over their counterparts of WCO, but they still need further improvement.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully thank National Research Centre for the financial support of the in-house project no. 12010311.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Authors’ contributions
Rasha M. Abd El Wahab, Ahmed F. Ghanem, Mohammed M. Selim, Ferial. A. Zaher, Abdelrahman A. Badawy: conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed and interpreted the data, contributed reagents, materials, and analysis tools, wrote the paper. Donia H. Sheir: preparation of bacterial cellulose membrane.
Availability of data and materials
The data and materials were inserted in the manuscript.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Rasha M. Abd El Wahab
Rasha M. Abd El Wahab is a Ph.D. holder from Ain Shams University. Her research direction is water treatment, energy application, adsorption and catalysis, and nanomaterial science.
Ahmed F. Ghanem
Ahmed F. Ghanem is a Ph.D. holder and working as a researcher at the National Research Center of Egypt. Dr. Ghanem is interested in polymer technology and nano-science as well as their wide range of applications particularly in water treatment, energy conversion, packaging, and biomedical purposes.
Donia H. Sheir
Donia H. Sheir is a Ph.D. holder from Cairo University. Her research direction is microbiology. immunology, microbial products, biofilm, and microbial cellulose.
Mohammed M. Selim
Mohammed M. Selim is a DSC holder from Russia. His research interest focuses on surface chemistry and nanomaterial science, zeolites: synthesis, characterization, investigation in terms of adsorption and catalysis, and various applications.
Ferial A. Zaher
Ferial A. Zaher is professor of chemical engineering and biofuel technology for the production of biodiesel for use in diesel engines as environmentally friendly fuel alternative to fossil fuel via trans-esterification of plant oils with alcohols. Her research work has covered also the production of biofuel from plant oils for use in gas –turbine engines by catalytic thermal cracking of plant oils.
Abdelrahman A. Badawy
Abdelrahman A. Badawy is Professor in National Research Centre, Egypt. His research direction is heterogeneous catalysis, water treatment, energy and environmental applications, and nanomaterial science.