Crown heights in the permanent teeth of 47,XXY males and 47,XXX females

Figures & data

Table 1. Age distributions in the 47,XXY males, 47.XXX females and control groups.

Study groups	Mean age (years)	SD	Age range (years)	Median	n
47,XXY males	30.7	11.7	10.2–57.6	30.7	48
47,XXY males with a male relative	41.0	15.5	13.5–67.5	38.6	22
Male relatives of 47,XXY males	41.0	15.5	13.5–67.5	38.6	22
47,XXX females	16.5	5.7	9.0–26.1	17.5	7
Females relatives of 47,XXX females	37.0	11.9	24.7–55.6	36.2	5
Male population controls	22.8	11.7	11.6–44.9	15.3	27
Female population controls	26.6	10.1	13.3–51.8	26.0	33

Table 2. Mean tooth crown heights (Mean) (mm) in the 47,XXY males, 47,XXX females, population control males and population control females.

Tooth	47,XXY males			47,XXX females			Population control males			Population control females
	Mean (SD)	n	p^a	Mean (SD)	n	p^b	Mean (SD)	n	p^c	Mean (SD)	n	p^d	p^e
Maxilla
Right second molar	11.0 (1.0)	26	.880	10.7 (0 .9)	6	.179	10.3 (0.7)	21	.880	10.0 (0.6)	32	.000***^B	.463
First molar	11.1 (0.9)	23	.903	10.8 (0.6)	6	.133	10.5 (0.9)	20	.134	10.1 (0.8)	25	.001***^B	.324
Second premolar	10.7 (0.7)	20	.630	9.6 (1.2)	4	.997	10.4 (0.5)	23	.358	9.9 (1.1)	28	.023*	.364
First premolar	11.1 (0.9)	28	.974	10.9 (0.9)	5	.645	11.2 (0.8)	19	.987	10.4 (1.0)	28	.024*	.021*
Canine	12.2 (1.5)	31	.268	11.5 (0.6)	6	.688	11.8 (1.2)	23	.857	11.0 (0.9)	32	.002**^B	.044*
Lateral incisor	10.0 (0.9)	27	.748	9.7 (0.7)	7	.983	10.6 (1.0)	20	.085	9.8 (0.8)	32	.727	.005**^B
Central incisor	11.5 (1.2)	32	.972	11.2 (0 .8)	6	.787	11.3 (1.1)	24	.983	10.7 (0.6)	32	.014*	.166
Left central incisor	11.5 (1.1)	32	.380	10.9 (0.5)	6	.939	11.0 (0.9)	24	.173	10.7 (0.7)	32	.001***^B	.421
Lateral incisor	10.0 (1.0)	28	.950	9.8 (0.6)	6	.994	10.2 (1.0)	24	.901	9.7 (0.7)	32	.518	.186
Canine	12.2 (1.2)	27	.371	11.4 (0.7)	6	.775	12.1 (1.2)	22	.980	10.9 (1.0)	31	.000***^B	.002**^B
First premolar	11.5 (1.0)	23	.748	11.0 (0.6)	5	.729	11.3 (0.9)	20	.883	10.5 (1.1)	30	.003**^B	.045*
Second premolar	11.5 (1.0)	20	.323	10.6 (0.2)	5	.598	10.6 (1.1)	23	.023*	10.0 (1.0)	26	.000***^B	.200
First molar	11.3 (0.7)	22	.797	11.7 (0.8)	5	.010*^B	10.8 (0.8)	20	.231	10.3 (1.0)	26	.001***^B	.297
Second molar	11.0 (0.9)	24	.240	10.2 (0.8)	5	.985	10.6 (0.8)	21	.299	10.1 (1.0)	25	.001***^B	.216
Mandible
Right second molar	11.4 (1.0)	19	.172	10.6 (0.9)	6	.622	10.3 (1.0)	20	.001***^B	10.1 (0.7)	24	.000***^B	.866
First molar	11.1 (0.7)	17	.032*	10.1 (1.1)	5	.742	9.8 (1.0)	19	.000***^B	9.7 (0.6)	23	.000***^B	.975
Second premolar	10.8 (1.5)	17	.209	9.7 (1.3)	5	.995	10.0 (1.2)	25	.123	9.5 (0.8)	23	.004**^B	.455
First premolar	10.7 (1.2)	35	.973	10.5 (0.8)	6	.359	10.0 (1.1)	27	.064	9.7 (1.0)	31	.002**^B	.701
Canine	11.6 (1.4)	41	.043*	10.1 (1.2)	6	.991	10.5 (1.1)	27	.005**^B	10.0 (1.2)	33	.000***^B	.325
Lateral incisor	9.7 (1.1)	42	.935	9.4 (0.6)	7	.276	8.8 (0.7)	26	.006**^B	8.7 (1.0)	32	.000***^B	.952
Central incisor	9.2 (1.2)	40	.763	8.8 (1.0)	6	.380	8.2 (0.9)	26	.002**^B	8.0 (0.8)	31	.000***^B	.907
Left central incisor	8.9 (1.0)	37	.655	8.4 (1.2)	6	.755	8.3 (1.2)	27	.066	8.0 (0.8)	32	.001***^B	.601
Lateral incisor	9.4 (1.1)	39	.819	9.1 (1.4)	6	.430	8.8 (0.2)	27	.039*	8.4 (0.8)	32	.000***^B	.450
Canine	11.3 (1.4)	40	.285	10.3 (0.9)	6	.844	10.1 (0.2)	27	.001***^B	9.8 (1.2)	32	.000***^B	.871
First premolar	10.8 (1.2)	36	.060	9.7 (1.1)	7	.571	9.7 (1.0)	26	.001***^B	9.1 (0.8)	27	.000***^B	.195
Second premolar	10.9 (1.2)	19	.232	9.8 (1.1)	4	.268	9.6 (0.8)	20	.001***^B	8.9 (0.8)	24	.000***^B	.099
First molar	10.6 (0.8)	18	.075	9.6 (0.8)	5	.949	9.8 (0.9)	21	.031*	9.4 (0.8)	21	.000***^B	.220
Second molar	11.0 (0.9)	20	.144	10.0 (0.8)	6	.947	10.3 (0.9)	21	.083	9.8 (1.2)	25	.001***^B	.342

Levels of statistical significance: *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p ≤ .001. Tukey’s HSD test was used as a post-hoc test, and if equality of variances could not be assumed Tamhane’s T2 test was used (p values marked in grey). If the p value was significant after Benjamini-Hochberg correction it was marked with “^B” index Benjamini-Hochberg corrected p values were compared p value 0.05.

^a47,XXY males vs 47,XXX females.

^b47,XXX females vs population control females.

^c47,XXY males vs population control males.

^d47,XXY males vs population control females.

^ePopulation control males vs population control females.

^BSignificant after Benjamini-Hochberg correction.

Table 3. Relative differences in mean tooth heights (RD (%)s) between the 47,XXY males, 47,XXX females, population control males and population control females.

Tooth	47,XXY males			47,XXX females			Population control males			Population control females
	Mean (SD)	n	RD (%)^a	Mean (SD)	n	RD (%)^b	Mean (SD)	N	RD (%)^c	Mean (SD)	n	RD (%)^d
Maxilla
Right second molar	11.0 (1.0)	26	3.3	10.7 (0.9)	6	6.6	10.3 (0.7)	21	3.1	10.0 (0.6)	32	2.4
First molar	11.1 (0.9)	23	1.3	10.8 ( 0.6)	6	6.9	10.5 (0.9)	20	4.2	10.1 (0.8)	25	2.4
Second premolar	10.7 (0.7)	20	1.2	9.6 (1.2)	4	−3.6	10.4 (0.5)	23	4.3	9.9 (1.1)	28	10.7
First premolar	11.1 (0.9)	28	−2.2	10.9 (0.9)	5	4.8	11.2 (0.8)	19	7.2	10.4 (1.0)	28	1.7
Canine	12.2 (1.5)	31	1.8	11.5 (0.6)	6	3.9	11.8 (1.2)	23	7.0	11.0 (0.9)	32	6.4
Lateral incisor	10.0 (0.9)	27	−6.1	9.7 (0.7)	7	−1.4	10.6 (1.0)	20	7.9	9.8 (0.8)	32	3.6
Central incisor	11.5 (1.2)	32	−0.5	11.2 (0.8)	6	4.3	11.3 (1.1)	24	5.1	10.7 (0.6)	32	2.8
Left central incisor	11.5 (1.1)	32	1.6	10.9 (0.5)	6	2.1	11.0 (0.9)	24	3.3	10.7 (0.7)	32	5.5
Lateral incisor	10.0 (1.0)	28	−3.6	9.8 (0.6)	6	1.0	10.2 (1.0)	24	4.7	9.7 (0.7)	32	2.1
Canine	12.2 (1.2)	27	0.0	11.4 (0.7)	6	4.1	12.1 (1.2)	22	9.4	10.9 (1.0)	31	6.5
First premolar	11.5 (1.0)	23	0.1	11.0 (0.6)	5	4.6	11.3 (0.9)	20	7.0	10.5 (1.1)	30	4.4
Second premolar	11.5 (1.0)	20	6.7	10.6 (0.2)	5	5.7	10.6 (1.1)	23	5.4	10.0 (1.0)	26	7.4
First molar	11.3 (0.7)	22	−0.1	11.7 (0.8)	5	11.7	10.8 (0.8)	20	4.3	10.3 (1.0)	26	−3.5
Second molar	11.0 (0.9)	24	2.3	10.2 (0.8)	5	1.5	10.6 (0.8)	21	4.9	10.1 (1.0)	25	7.6
Mandible
Right second molar	11.4 (1.0)	20	5.8	10.6 (0.9)	6	4.7	10.3 (1.0)	20	2.0	10.1 (0.7)	24	7.5
First molar	11.1 (0.7)	18	5.9	10.1 (1.1)	5	3.6	9.8 (1.0)	19	1.0	9.7 (0.6)	23	9.2
Second premolar	10.8 (1.5)	19	4.4	9.7 (1.3)	5	1.4	10.0 (1.2)	25	4.9	9.5 (0.8)	23	10.5
First premolar	10.7 (1.2)	36	2.5	10.5 (0.8)	6	7.5	10.0 (1.1)	27	3.1	9.7 (1.0)	31	1.9
Canine	11.6 (1.4)	40	6.0	10.1 (1.2)	6	1.6	10.5 (1.1)	27	5.3	10.0 (1.2)	33	12.8
Lateral incisor	9.7 (1.1)	39	5.7	9.4 (0.6)	7	8.2	8.8 (0.7)	26	1.6	8.7 (1.0)	32	2.6
Central incisor	9.2 (1.2)	37	8.1	8.8 (1.0)	6	8.5	8.2 (0.9)	26	2.3	8.0 (0.8)	31	4.9
Left central incisor	8.9 (1.0)	40	5.0	8.4 (1.2)	6	5.0	8.3 (1.2)	27	3.7	8.0 (0.8)	32	5.4
Lateral incisor	9.4 (1.1)	42	4.3	9.1 (1.4)	6	7.5	8.8 (0.2)	27	4.5	8.4 (0.8)	32	4.1
Canine	11.3 (1.4)	41	6.5	10.3 (0.9)	6	4.5	10.1 (0.2)	27	2.5	9.8 (1.2)	32	8.8
First premolar	10.8 (1.2)	35	6.5	9.7 (1.1)	7	5.9	9.7 (1.0)	26	5.9	9.1 (0.8)	27	10.1
Second premolar	10.9 (1.2)	17	9.9	9.8 (1.1)	4	9.7	9.6 (0.8)	20	7.2	8.9 (0.8)	24	9.5
First molar	10.6 (0.8)	17	4.0	9.6 (0.8)	5	2.3	9.8 (0.9)	21	5.0	9.4 (0.8)	21	9.6
Second molar	11.0 (0.9)	19	3.5	10.0 (0.8)	6	2.5	10.3 (0.9)	21	4.8	9.8 (1.2)	25	9.2

The relative difference between two groups was determined for each tooth using the formula: RD% = (CH1 – CH2) / CH1 x 100%.

^a47,XXY males and population control males.

^b47,XXX females and population control females.

^cpopulation control males and population control females and.

^d47,XXY males vs 47,XXX females.

Table 4. Means of differences (mm) (RLD) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in tooth crown heights between the right and left sides of the jaws in the 47,XXY males, 47,XXX females, population control males and population control females.

	47,XXY males				47,XXX females				Population control males				Population control females
Difference	RLD (SD)	n	p^a	FA (SD)^a	RLD (SD)	n	p^b	FA (SD)^b	RLD (SD)	n	p^c	FA (SD)^c	RLD (SD)	n	p^d	FA (SD)^d
Maxilla^e
Diff 17–27	−0.0 (0.7)	21	.947	0.0475 (0.03)	0.4 (0.5)	5	.154	0.0470 (0.03)	−0.2 (0.9)	20	.277	0.0660 (0.05)	−0.0 (0.8)	25	.940	0.0644 (0.05)
Diff 16–26	−0.4 (0.8)	18	.085	0.0560 (0.06)	−0.7 (0.9)	5	.138	0.0829 (0.05)	−0.3 (0.9)	20	.154	0.0730 (0.05)	−0.1 (0.8)	23	.440	0.0610 (0.05)
Diff 15–25	−0.8 (0.9)	13	.006**	0.0792 (0.06)	−0.8 (1.5)	3	.593	0.1139 (0.13)	−0.2 (0.9)	22	.436	0.0656 (0.05)	0.0 (0.9)	24	.879	0.0650 (0.06)
Diff 14–24	−0.6 (1.0)	20	.011*	0.0825 (0.07)	−0.4 (0.5)	4	.225	0.0462 (0.04)	−0.1 (0.8)	19	.562	0.0562 (0.05)	−0.1 (1.0)	26	.551	0.0838 (0.05)
Diff 13–23	−0.1 (0.9)	24	.603	0.0551 (0.05)	0.1 (1.1)	6	.876	0.0718 (0.05)	−0.1 (1.0)	22	.607	0.0566 (0.05)	0.1 (0.6)	30	.513	0.0469 (0.03)
Diff 12–22	−0.1 (0.9)	24	.604	0.0698 (0.06)	−0.1 (0.6)	6	.753	0.0538 (0.03)	0.4 (0.8)	20	.065	0.0610 (0.06)	0.1 (0.7)	32	.432	0.0536 (0.04)
Diff 11–21	0.1 (0.6)	30	.472	0.0431 (0.02)	0.3 (0.7)	6	.345	0.0508 (0.03)	0.2 (0.5)	24	.024*	0.0401 (0.02)	0.0 (0.4)	32	.754	0.0296 (0.02)
Mandible^f
Diff 41–31	0.3 (0.6)	36	.004**	0.0593 (0.03)	0.4 (0.6)	6	.173	0.0684 (0.04)	0.1 (0.4)	26	.383	0.0391 (0.03)	0.1 (0.4)	31	.502	0.0374 (0.03)
Diff 42–32	0.3 (0.6)	35	.009**	0.0555 (0.04)	0.3 (1.0)	6	.467	0.0836 (0.09)	0.0 (0.7)	26	.858	0.0501 (0.05)	0.3 (0.7)	32	.015*	0.0662 (0.05)
Diff 43–33	0.1 (1.2)	34	.578	0.0773 (0.06)	−0.2 (0.8)	6	.753	0.0654 (0.04)	0.5 (0.9)	27	.026*	0.0685 (0.08)	0.2 (1.1)	32	.407	0.0918 (0.06)
Diff 44–34	−0.1 (1.1)	28	.700	0.0766 (0.06)	0.8 (1.3)	6	.116	0.1365 (0.05)	0.3 (1.1)	26	.381	0.0861 (0.07)	0.5 (0.7)	27	.002**	0.0734 (0.05)
Diff 45–35	0.0 (1.5)	11	.928	0.1000 (0.08)	0.4 (0.9)	4	1.000	0.0603 (0.09)	0.4 (1.1)	20	.093	0.0908 (0.07)	0.6 (0.4)	22	.000***^B	0.0734 (0.05)
Diff 46–36	0.4 (0.5)	15	.011*	0.0499 (0.03)	0.9 (0.5)	3	.109	0.0808 (0.04)	0.0 (0.8)	19	.809	0.0653 (0.04)	0.4 (0.5)	21	.002**^B	0.0510 (0.04)
Diff 47–37	0.3 (0.7)	18	.054	0.0504 (0.04)	0.4 (0.7)	5	.225	0.0597 (0.04)	0.0 (0.9)	20	.847	0.0691 (0.05)	0.2 (0.9)	23	.255	0.0639 (0.05)

Levels of statistical significance. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p ≤ .001. Means of differences (RLDs) were compared using the paired samples t-test. Wilcoxon’s signed ranks test was applied in order to look for directional asymmetry (p values marked in grey). The significant the p values after Benjamini-Hochberg correction were marked with “^B” index. A value for the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) was obtained by dividing the absolute difference between the sides by the absolute mean sizes of the left and right teeth, FA = abs (R-L)/((R + L)/2).

^aStatistical significance of RLD or the value of FA in the 47,XXY males.

^bStatistical significance of RLD or the value of FA in the 47,XXX females.

^cStatistical significance of RLD or the value of FA in the population control males.

^dStatistical significance of RLD or the value of FA in the population control females.

^eMean of the differences in tooth crown heights between the second molars (Diff 17–27) … and central incisors (Diff 11–21) on the right and left sides of the maxilla.

^fMean of the differences in tooth crown heights between the central incisors (Diff 41–31) … and second molars (Diff 47–37) on the right and left sides of the mandible.

^BSignificant after Benjamini-Hochberg correction.