Induction of genetic variation by electromagnetic fields in Zea mays L. and Brassica napus L.

Figures & data

Figure 1. Electromagnetic field generator for seed treatment.

Table 1. Results of RAPD analysis of maize and canola plants under electromagnetic field treatment.

Primer	Base sequence 5′–3′	Maize			Canola
		Total band	Polymorphic band		Total band	Polymorphic band
			Number	%		Number	%
OPR-08	5′CAATCGCCGT 3′	10	5	50	13	5	38.4
OPR-02	5′CACAGCTGCC 3′	13	8	61.5	14	3	21.4
OPM-11	5′TCTGGCGCAC 3′	9	9	100	11	1	9.09
OPM-10	5′TCTGGCGCAC 3′	3	1	33.3	11	6	50
OPI-07	5′CAGCGACAAG 3′	10	9	90	10	7	70
OPH-07	5′CTGCATCGTC 3′	8	1	12.5	6	1	16.6
OPC-12	5′ TGTCATCCCC 3′	10	8	80	4	4	100
OPC-08	5′GGCGGTTGTC 3′	6	5	83.3	8	2	25
OPC-06	5′CAGCGACAAG 3′	6	6	100	8	8	100
OPC-05	5′TCTCAGCTGG 3′	7	5	71.4	7	3	42.8
OPC-04	5′CTGCATCGTC 3′	7	6	82.7	6	6	100
OPC-01	5′AGGTGACCGT 3′	7	4	57.1	11	8	72.7
OPA-13	5′CAGCACCCAC 3′	4	3	75	7	4	57.1
OPA-10	5′AACCCTTCCC 3′	5	5	100	11	10	90.9

Table 2. Effect of EMF treatment on some growth parameters and protein content in maize (M1–M3) and canola (C1–C3) seedlings.

Treatment		Maize			Canola
	M1	M2	M3	C1	C2	C3
Seed germination (%)	48.7 ± 5.72 b	82 ± 8.7 a	69.7 ± 11.9 a	96.7 ± 3.69 a	92 ± 3.34 ab	88.7 ± 5.1 b
Root length (cm)	1.08 ± 0.78 b	2.9 ± 0.81 a	2.27 ± 0.93 b	3.6 ± 0.62 b	5.7 ± 0.44 a	4.5 ± 1.62 b
Shoot length (cm)	2.09 ± 0.61 b	3.1 ± 0.92 a	2.3 ± 0.86 b	3.2 ± 0.45 b	4.4 ± 0.52 a	3.4 ± 0.57 b
Fresh weight (g)	0.53 ± 0.095 a	0.72 ± 0.089 a	0.63 ± 0.071 a	0.035 ± 0.004 a	0.043 ± 0.005 a	0.031 ± 0.006 a
Dry weight (g)	0.26 ± 0.022 b	0.37 ± 0.054 a	0.29 ± 0.067 b	0.0023 ± 0.0004 b	0.0035 ± 0.0002 a	0.0022 ± 0.0006 b
Total protein (mg g^−1FW)	68.2 ± 7.09 b	83.7 ± 8.09 a	59.4 ± 7.09 c	6.3 ± 1.32 c	11.06 ± 4.1 a	9.2 ± 1.8 b

Values are given as mean ± SE (n = 4) in each group. Different letters indicate significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 (LSD). Control (M1), 3 mT (M2) and 10 mT (M3) for 4 h in maize, control (C1), 1 mT for 1 h (C2) and 7 mT for 3 h (C3) in canola.

Figure 2. Effect of different EMF treatments on growth of maize and canola seedlings. Control (M1), 3 mT (M2) and 10 mT (M3) for 4 h in maize, and control (C1), 1 mT for 1 h (C2) and 7 mT for 3 h (C3) in canola.

Figure 3. Effect of different EMF treatments on RAPD profiles of maize and canola seedlings by (A) OPC-08 and (B) OPC-01 primers, respectively. Control (M1), 3 mT (M2) and 10 mT (M3) for 4 h in maize, control (C1), 1 mT for 1 h (C2) and 7 mT for 3 h (C3) in canola.

Figure 4. Effect of different EMF treatments on RAPD profiles of maize and canola seedlings by (A) OPR-02 and (B) OPR-08 primers, respectively. Control (M1), 3 mT (M2) and 10 mT (M3) for 4 h in maize, control (C1), 1 mT for 1 h (C2) and 7 mT for 3 h (C3) in canola.

Figure 5. Dendrogram resulting from UPGMA cluster and POC plot based on RAPD data from control, 3 and 10 mT for 4 h in maize.

Figure 6. Dendrogram resulting from UPGMA cluster and POC plot based on RAPD data from control, 1 mT for 1 h, 7 mT for 3 h in canola.