Teachers on the Move: Evidence From a Large-Scale Learning Intervention During Lockdown

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary statistics: sample

	Total		Primary		Upper Primary
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Girls	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
General	0.03	0.16	0.02	0.15	0.03	0.17
OBC	0.22	0.41	0.20	0.40	0.24	0.43
SC	0.10	0.30	0.10	0.30	0.10	0.31
ST	0.65	0.48	0.67	0.47	0.63	0.48
Grade 3	0.20	0.40	0.36	0.48	0.00	0.00
Grade 4	0.17	0.38	0.31	0.46	0.00	0.02
Grade 5	0.18	0.38	0.32	0.47	0.00	0.03
Grade 6	0.18	0.38	0.01	0.07	0.39	0.49
Grade 7	0.15	0.36	0.00	0.00	0.34	0.47
Grade 8	0.12	0.33	0.00	0.00	0.27	0.44
Grade 9	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.04
N	9,467		5,192		4,275

Abbreviations: General = general caste; OBC = Other Backwards Caste; SC = Scheduled Caste; ST = Scheduled Tribe. This table is discussed in Section 4.2.

Table 2. Summary statistics: assessment scores

	Primary School				Upper Primary School
	Baseline		Endline		Baseline		Endline
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Total	26.99	25.34	71.26	20.96	19.98	19.72	60.00	20.82
Math	30.65	30.93	78.43	23.66	20.54	31.06	68.17	35.36
Language	24.09	24.37	64.09	22.61
Writing					14.89	21.57	46.81	26.91
English					18.64	22.78	54.18	27.55
Science					14.87	24.22	55.22	32.14
Shapes Materials					41.27	32.82	82.40	20.42
Calendar					23.54	35.88	74.42	36.55
Maps					21.20	28.50	81.00	26.20
Covid					11.28	20.66	36.95	28.42

Note: This table is discussed in Section 4.3.

Table 3. Main results: total score in standard deviations

	(1)		(2)		(3)
	Full Sample		Primary		Upper Primary
Post	1.874***	(0.0800)	1.747***	(0.0835)	2.029***	(0.0998)
Girls	0.0636***	(0.0196)	0.0663**	(0.0236)	0.0590**	(0.0273)
OBC	−0.186*	(0.0985)	−0.113	(0.107)	−0.260**	(0.117)
SC	−0.426***	(0.114)	−0.432***	(0.114)	−0.410***	(0.137)
ST	−0.499***	(0.112)	−0.481***	(0.113)	−0.514***	(0.129)
Grade 4	0.181***	(0.0184)	0.179***	(0.0180)	1.516***	(0.102)
Grade 5	0.293***	(0.0290)	0.294***	(0.0285)	−0.202	(0.195)
Grade 6	0.182***	(0.0542)	−0.0699	(0.0616)
Grade 7	0.322***	(0.0432)			0.137***	(0.0267)
Grade 8	0.349***	(0.0514)			0.163***	(0.0398)
Grade 9	−0.109	(0.113)			−0.291***	(0.0979)
Constant	0.173	(0.109)	0.209${}^{*}$	(0.101)	1.824***	(0.151)
Observations	18925		10375		8550

Notes: each column reports a separate OLS regression estimating Equation 1(1) $$\begin{array}{c}{y}_{\mathit{\text{it}}}={\beta }_0+{\beta }_1{\mathit{\text{Post}}}_{\mathit{\text{it}}}+\Gamma X_i+{ϵ}_{\mathit{\text{it}}},\hfill \end{array}$$(1) with total score (in standard deviations of the baseline score) as the outcome variable. Column 1 includes the full sample, Column 2 primary only, Column 3 upper primary only. Omitted categories: Pre-period, Boys, General caste, youngest expected grade (grade 3 for Columns 1 and 2; grade 6 for Column 3). Standard errors in parentheses clustered at the block level; * $p<0.10,$ ** $p<0.05,$ *** $p<0.01.$ This table is discussed in Section 6.1.

Table 4. Subject results: score in standard deviations

	Primary					Upper Primary
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
	Math	Language	Math	Writing	English	Science	Materials	Calendar	Maps	Covid
Post	1.545***	1.641***	1.534***	1.480***	1.560***	1.666***	1.253***	1.418***	2.098***	1.243***
	(0.0785)	(0.0885)	(0.0916)	(0.0920)	(0.0865)	(0.102)	(0.0606)	(0.0821)	(0.0823)	(0.131)
Girls	0.0280	0.104**	0.00738	0.126***	0.0210	0.0277	0.0279	0.0412	0.00271	0.0892**
	(0.0170)	(0.0302)	(0.0240)	(0.0306)	(0.0268)	(0.0336)	(0.0163)	(0.0281)	(0.0227)	(0.0278)
OBC	−0.102	−0.179	−0.217	−0.253${}^{*}$	−0.155	−0.208	−0.115	−0.227${}^{*}$	−0.216	−0.163
	(0.111)	(0.137)	(0.110)	(0.103)	(0.0996)	(0.128)	(0.0898)	(0.0821)	(0.113)	(0.119)
SC	−0.371**	−0.481***	−0.372**	−0.345**	−0.336**	−0.322*	−0.177	−0.347**	−0.269	−0.253*
	(0.115)	(0.120)	(0.129)	(0.111)	(0.109)	(0.139)	(0.109)	(0.121)	(0.129)	(0.105)
ST	−0.421**	−0.558**	−0.437**	−0.486***	−0.482***	−0.311	−0.313**	−0.265**	−0.385**	−0.319*
	(0.120)	(0.153)	(0.115)	(0.118)	(0.105)	(0.151)	(0.104)	(0.0833)	(0.126)	(0.125)
Observations	10376	10376	8550	8550	8550	8550	8549	8550	8550	8537

Notes: each column reports a separate OLS regression estimating Equation 1(1) $$\begin{array}{c}{y}_{\mathit{\text{it}}}={\beta }_0+{\beta }_1{\mathit{\text{Post}}}_{\mathit{\text{it}}}+\Gamma X_i+{ϵ}_{\mathit{\text{it}}},\hfill \end{array}$$(1) with subject score (in standard deviations of the baseline score) as the outcome variable. Columns 1-2 are Primary only, Columns 3-10 are Upper Primary only. Omitted categories: Pre-period, Boys, General caste; other controls (not shown): indicator for grade at baseline. Standard errors in parentheses clustered at the block level; * $p<0.10,$ **$p<0.05,$ *** $p<0.01.$ This table is discussed in Section 6.1.

Table 5. Heterogeneity by student characteristics: total score

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Gender	Primary Grade	Upper Primary Grade	Baseline score
Post = 1	1.890***	1.865***	2.082***	1.874***
	(0.0776)	(0.0911)	(0.105)	(0.0864)
Post = 1 $\times$ female	−0.0310
	(0.0233)
Post = 1 $\times$ Grade = 4		−0.103**
		(0.0338)
Post = 1 $\times$ Grade = 5		−0.256***
		(0.0375)
Post = 1 $\times$ Grade = 7			−0.0424
			(0.0486)
Post = 1 $\times$ Grade = 8			−0.135**
			(0.0427)
Post = 1 $\times$ Baseline score				−0.669***
				(0.0398)
Observations	18925	10323	8528	18924

Notes: each column reports a separate OLS regression estimating Equation 1(1) $$\begin{array}{c}{y}_{\mathit{\text{it}}}={\beta }_0+{\beta }_1{\mathit{\text{Post}}}_{\mathit{\text{it}}}+\Gamma X_i+{ϵ}_{\mathit{\text{it}}},\hfill \end{array}$$(1) with total score (in standard deviations of the baseline score) as the outcome variable. Each regression includes the following controls, fully interacted with the heterogeneity variable: gender, social category and grade. Heterogeneity variables are: gender (Column 1), grade (Columns 2 & 3) and baseline assessment score. Post = 1 represents the learning gains for the omitted category: male (Column 1), grade 3 (Column 2), grade 6 (Column 3). In Column 4 the heterogeneity variable is continuous. Standard errors in parentheses clustered at the block level; * $p<0.10,$ ** $p<0.05,$ *** $p<0.01.$ This table is discussed in Section 6.3.

Table 6. Heterogeneity by community characteristics: total score

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Female literacy	Male literacy	Primary schools
Post = 1	1.630***	1.413*	2.110***
	(0.376)	(0.586)	(0.343)
Post = 1 $\times$ Block female literacy rate	0.539
	(0.827)
Post = 1 $\times$ Block male literacy rate		0.736
		(0.940)
Post = 1 $\times$ Block primary schools			−0.00148
			(0.00221)
Observations	17249	17249	17249

Notes: each column reports a separate OLS regression estimating Equation 1(1) $$\begin{array}{c}{y}_{\mathit{\text{it}}}={\beta }_0+{\beta }_1{\mathit{\text{Post}}}_{\mathit{\text{it}}}+\Gamma X_i+{ϵ}_{\mathit{\text{it}}},\hfill \end{array}$$(1) with total score (in standard deviations of the baseline score) as the outcome variable. Each regression includes individuals controls (gender, social category, and grade) and basic block controls (total area, total population, population aged 0-6). Standard errors in parentheses clustered at the block level; * $p<0.10,$ ** $p<0.05,$ *** $p<0.01.$ This table is discussed in Section 6.3.