Hyperglobalist, sceptical, and transformationalist perspectives on globalization in medical education

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of findings.

Globalisation perspective	Example in medical education	References
Hyperglobalist	International consensus on ‘core competencies’ in global health	Brewer et al. 2009
	Global adoption of problem-based learning methodology	Khoo 2003; Ju et al. 2016
	Widespread use of English language	Wang and Zhao 2004; Huang 2009
	Using technology to interconnect	Harris et al. 2001; Smothers et al. 2008
	Globally agreed medical school learning outcomes	Harden 2002, 2006; Schwarz and Wojtczak 2002
	Universal definition of medical professionalism	Medical Professionalism Project 2002; Creuss et al. 2010; Jha et al. 2015; Brouwer et al. 2020
Sceptical	Global standards as a means to enable Westward migration	Banerji 1981; Zaidi 1987; Solanki and Kashyap 2014
	Uneven power balances in the global community	Gao 2015; Gosselin et al. 2016
	Commercial and economic framings of engagement	Slaughter and Leslie 1997; Green 2007; Hodges et al. 2009; Martimianakis and Hafferty 2013
	One-sided benefits from partnerships	Edwards et al. 2004; Khan et al. 2017
	Emulation of approaches from Western countries	Huggan et al. 2012; Nemr et al. 2012
Transformationalist	Combining global and local approaches	Bates et al. 2019
	Complexity of adopting teaching and learning approaches in different cultures	Tabulawa 2003; Greveson and Spencer 2005; Hussain et al. 2007; Jippes and Majoor 2008; Tavakol and Dennick 2010; Frambach et al. 2012; Stevens and Goulbourne 2012
	Modifying models and approaches for the local context	Zaini et al. 2011
	Multiplicity of definitions of medical professionalism	Hodges et al. 2011; Ho et al. 2011; Al-Eraky et al. 2014; Nishigori et al. 2014
	Central importance of recognising local culture	Rees et al. 2009; Wong 2011; Fan et al. 2013
	Respectful international partnership approaches	Whitehead et al. 2018; Rashid et al. 2019
	Benefits and drawbacks of using the English language	Yang and Xi 2009; Al-Kadri et al. 2013

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