Using Crack or Smoking Cocaine, That Is the Question: The Association of Sociodemographic Factors with Self-Labeling Choices in France

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of people who use crack cocaine serviced in treatment centers, France, 2010–2020 (N and row percentages).

Variables	Categories	N	% (col)	“Used crack”	“Smoked cocaine”	Both labels
Cocaine label		50,721	100.0	43.6	53.9	2.4
Gender	Males	39,928	78.4	43.5	54.1	2.5
	Females	10,793	21.6	44.2	53.4	2.4
Age	15-24	4322	6.4	32.8	64.9	2.3
	25-34	17,154	27.3	35.2	62.8	2.1
	35-64	29,228	66.3	50.2	47.1	2.7
SES	Low	33,762	69.9	45.8	51.5	2.6
	Intermediate	16,017	28.5	39.3	58.7	2.0
	High	942	1.6	37.8	59.1	3.1
Last month use: opioids	No	23,245	50.6	48.2	49.2	2.6
	Yes	27,476	49.4	39.7	58.0	2.3
Last month use: stimulants other than crack	No	73,313	77.6	39.6	57.8	2.6
	Yes	7408	22.4	66.8	31.3	1.8
Last month use: hallucinogens	No	48,961	97.2	43.9	53.7	2.4
	Yes	1760	2.8	35.4	61.4	3.2
Last month: injecting drugs	No	42,436	78.4	40.9	56.8	2.3
	Yes	8285	21.6	57.6	39.2	3.2
Age onset crack	Onset prior 20 years-old	18,968	75.1	52.3	45.7	2.0
	20 years-old or older	31,753	24.9	29.0	67.8	3.2
Severity of use	Low	7430	12.6	37.4	61.6	1.0
	Medium	19,383	32.2	36.8	61.1	2.1
	High	23,908	55.2	51.1	45.8	3.1
Year of survey	2010 (159)	3217	6.0	41.6	54.1	4.3
(Number of reporting treatment centers)	2011 (198)	3352	6.6	43.6	52.4	4.1
	2012 (216)	3117	6.6	47.1	50.1	2.8
	2013 (232)	4417	9.2	45.8	51.5	2.6
	2015 (231)	3815	6.6	42.2	55.6	2.2
	2016 (235)	4025	7.3	38.9	58.9	2.2
	2017 (256)	5151	7.1	41.3	56.6	2.1
	2018 (251)	6124	9.6	42.2	55.9	1.9
	2019 (231)	7181	11.7	45.4	52.6	2.0
	2020 (247)	7024	14.7	45.9	52.2	1.9
Center	Ambulatory facilities	38,876	76.7	37.3	60.6	2.1
	Other type of facilities	11,845	23.3	45.5	51.9	2.6
Location	Provinces	16,573	32.7	27.1	71.1	1.8
	Paris region	34,148	67.3	77.6	18.5	3.9

Source: Recap. Note: the 2014 data set was discarded due to changes in coding.

Table 2. Factors associated with the use of a specific label to acknowledge past month crack cocaine use among those serviced in treatment centers, France, 2010–2020.

		Model 1: main effects		Model 2: interaction
Variables	Categories	Smoked cocaine	Both	Smoked cocaine	Both
Gender	Females	0.94	1.00	0.93	1.00
Ref=males		[0.88–1.00]	[0.85–1.17]	[0.87–1.00]	[0.85–1.17]
Age	25–34 years-old	1.17**	1.13	1.19**	1.17
Ref = 15–24 years-old		[1.05–1.30]	[0.87–1.48]	[1.07–1.32]	[0.89–1.53]
	35–64 years-old	1.03	1.48**	1.04	1.51**
		[0.93–1.15]	[1.13–1.94]	[0.94–1.17]	[1.15–1.97]
SES	Intermediate	1.31***	1.05	1.17***	0.64***
Ref=low		[1.24–1.40]	[0.91–1.20]	[1.09–1.26]	[0.52–0.79]
	High	2.97***	2.08**	1.57**	3.49***
		[2.42–3.64]	[1.31–3.29]	[1.17–2.12]	[2.06–5.91]
Substance use	Opioids	1.17***	0.98	1.17***	1.00
Ref=no		[1.10–1.24]	[0.85–1.14]	[1.10–1.24]	[0.87–1.15]
	Other stimulants	0.20***	0.26***	0.20***	0.26***
		[0.18–0.21]	[0.21–0.33]	[0.18–0.21]	[0.21–0.32]
	Hallucinogens	1.33***	1.64**	1.33***	1.63**
		[1.14–1.54]	[1.17–2.31]	[1.14–1.54]	[1.16–2.29]
	Injecting	0.66***	1.08	0.66***	1.07
		[0.61–0.71]	[0.92–1.28]	[0.61–0.71]	[0.91–1.27]
Age onset crack cocaine	Onset prior 20 years-old	1.85***	3.79***	1.85***	3.82***
Ref = 20 years-old or older		[1.74–1.97]	[3.27–4.39]	[1.74–1.97]	[3.29–4.43]
Severity of use	Medium	0.72***	1.97***	0.72***	1.96***
Ref=Low		[0.66–0.78]	[1.48–2.62]	[0.66–0.78]	[1.47–2.61]
	High	0.47***	2.60***	0.47***	2.60***
		[0.43–0.51]	[1.97–3.42]	[0.44–0.51]	[1.97–3.42]
Year of survey	2010	1.74***	2.86***	1.73***	2.87***
Ref = 2020		[1.52–2.00]	[2.14–3.82]	[1.51–1.99]	[2.14–3.83]
	2011	2.06***	2.90***	2.05***	2.90***
		[1.80–2.36]	[2.17–3.86]	[1.79–2.35]	[2.18–3.87]
	2012	1.65***	1.79***	1.65***	1.77***
		[1.43–1.91]	[1.30–2.48]	[1.42–1.90]	[1.28–2.45]
	2013	1.60***	1.54**	1.60***	1.55**
		[1.41–1.82]	[1.14–2.09]	[1.40–1.82]	[1.15–2.11]
	2015	1.65***	1.43*	1.64***	1.43*
		[1.45–1.87]	[1.03–1.98]	[1.44–1.87]	[1.04–1.98]
	2016	1.64***	1.62**	1.64***	1.65**
		[1.45–1.85]	[1.20–2.20]	[1.45–1.85]	[1.21–2.23]
	2017	1.64***	1.54**	1.64***	1.55**
		[1.47–1.83]	[1.16–2.05]	[1.47–1.83]	[1.16–2.06]
	2018	1.41***	1.18	1.41***	1.18
		[1.27–1.56]	[0.89–1.55]	[1.27–1.56]	[0.90–1.56]
	2019	1.15**	1.25	1.15**	1.27
		[1.04–1.26]	[0.96–1.62]	[1.04–1.27]	[0.98–1.65]
Treatment center	Ambulatory	1.03	1.31	1.02	1.23
Ref=other		[0.78–1.37]	[0.92–1.86]	[0.77–1.36]	[0.87–1.73]
Treatment location	Paris metropolitan region	0.10***	0.89	0.08***	0.55**
Ref=province		[0.07–0.15]	[0.62–1.27]	[0.05–0.12]	[0.38–0.82]
Location x CSP	Paris region x intermediate SES			1.39***	2.41***
				[1.22–1.58]	[1.83–3.18]
	Paris region x high SES			3.39***	0.10**
				[2.28–5.03]	[0.02–0.47]
var(RE2[centers])		4.60***		4.57***
		[3.40–6.22]		[3.38–6.17]
var(RE3[centers])			2.39***		2.29***
			[1.80–3.17]		[1.74–3.00]
cov(RE2[centers],RE3[centers])		1.62***		1.62***
		[1.30–2.02]		[1.29–2.02]
MOR		3.23	2.42	3.21	2.41
		[2.86–3.61]	[2.07–2.77]	[2.85–3.59]	[2.06–2.75]
N		43,041		43,041

Source: Recap. Restricted to centers with at least 10 clients; exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Figure 1. Predicted probability of labels for crack cocaine use by SES and geographic region (with 95% confidence intervals).

Source: Recap.