Exploring the role of oral microbiome dysbiosis in cardiometabolic syndrome and smoking

Figures & data

Figure 1. Oral microbiome bacterial enrichment or depletion in cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS). Cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and obesity.

Table 1. Studies of smoking effects on oral microbiome across diverse populations.

Authors	Study design	Sample size	Groups	Sampling site	Sequencing region	Findings
						General	Nonsmokers	Smoker
^128	Cross-sectional	1616	Current smokers: 59 Former smokers: 477 Never smokers: 547	Mouth rinse samples	16S rRNA gene deep sequencing	___		↑Actinobacteria ↓Proteobacteria↑Bifidobacterium ↑Lactobacillus
^133	Cross-sectional	105	Current smokers: 55 Never smokers: 50	Buccal swab	Shotgun metagenomis	Firmicutes Proteobacteria Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes Prevotella Veillonella		↑Veillonella dispar ↑Leptotrichia spp. ↑Prevotellapleuritidis ↑in high nicotine dependent individuals:↑Streptobacillus hongkongensis ↑Fusobacterium massiliense ↑Prevotella bivia ↓Haemophilus_A ↓Gemella cuniculi ↓Neisseria subflava_B ↓Gemella haemolysans_B ↓Neisseria perflava ↓Streptococcus oralis_BA ↓Streptococcus mitis_AT
^129	Cross-sectional	100	Current smokers: 51 Never smokers: 49	Saliva samples	V3-V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing	Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Saccharibacteria Streptococcus, Prevotella, Vellionella, Rothia, Neisseria, and Haemophilus	↑Proteobacteria ↑Fusobacteria ↑Candidate_division_SR1 ↑Synergistetes	↑Firmicutes ↓Proteobacteria ↓Fusobacteria ↑Streptococcus, ↑Prevotella ↑Veillonella ↓Neisseria
^6	Cross-sectional	22	Current smokers:11Never smokers: 11	Saliva samples	Shotgun metagenomics	Prevotella, Veillonella and Streptococcus, Neisseria, Oribacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Porphyromonas	↑Neisseria ↑Oribacterium ↑Capnocytophaga ↑Porphyromonas	↑Prevotella, ↑Megasphaera ↑Veillonella ↑Streptococcus ↓Neisseria ↓Oribacterium ↓Capnocytophaga ↓Porphyromonas
^5	Meta-analysis	4 separate data sets. 1204 (1) PLCO-a: 261 (2) PLCO-b: 400 3)CPS-II-a: 203	PLCO-a: 261 Current smokers: 35 Former smokers: 126 Never smokers: 100 PLCO-b: 400 Current smokers: 41 Former smokers: 165 Never smokers: 194 3) CPS-II-a: 203 Current smokers: 23 Former smokers: 103 Never smokers: 77 4) CPS-II-b: 340 Current smokers: 13	Oral wash samples	V3-V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing		↑Proteobacteria	↑Firmicutes↑Atopobium, ↑Streptococcus ↑Veillonella ↑Bifiodobacterium ↑Lactobacillus ↓Proteobacteria ↓Capnocytophaga, ↓Neisseria ↓Porphyromonas, ↓Haemophilus ↓Aggregatibacter ↓Peptostreptococcus ↓Leptotichia
			Former smokers: 177 Never smokers: 150 Former smokers: 177 Never smokers: 150
^126	Cross-sectional	34		Saliva samples	V3-V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing		Firmicutes (66%), Bacteroidetes (16%), Actinobacteria (5%), Fusobacteria (5%) Proteobacteria (4%) Streptococcus (35%), Veillonella (10%), Prevotella (8%), Porphyromonas (5%),	↑Proteobacteria (40%) Firmicutes (29%) Bacteroidetes (23%) Fusobacteria (5%)
								Actinobacteria(2%). Streptococcus (15%) Haemophilus (14%) Prevotella (13%) Neisseria(13%), Porphyromonas (9%), Veillonella (6%), Fusobacterium (5%) Aggregatibacter (2%) Staphylococcus (2%) Actinobacillus (1%)
^7	Meta-analysis	316	(1) Current smokers:139 (2) Former smokers:7 (3) Never smokers:150	Saliva samples	V3-V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing		↑Proteobacteria↑ Neisseria	↑Rothia dentocariosa ↑Prevotella melaninogenica ↑Prevotella pallens ↑Bulleidia moorei ↑Rothia aeria ↑Actinobacillus parahaemolyticus ↑Haemophilus parainfluenzae↓Proteobacteria
								↓Peptococcus ↓Lautropia ↓Eikenella ↓Kingella ↓Neisseria ↓Cardiobacterium ↓Aggregatibacter ↓Haemophilus ↓Moraxella↓Rothia aeria, ↓Neisseria oralis ↓Neisseria subflava ↓Actinobacillus parahaemolyticus ↓Haemophilus parainfluenzae
^134	Cross-sectional	997	(1) Current smokers: 264 (2) Never smokers: 733	Saliva samples	V1-V3 16S rRNA	Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Saccharibacteria Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Capnocytophaga, Haemophilus, Gemella, Alloprevotella, Granulicatella, Camphylobacter, Leptotrichia, Megasphaera and Neisseria	↑Proteobacteria ↑Synergistetes ↑Lactococcus,↑Corynebacterium ↑Gemella,↑Capnocytophaga↑Streptococcus	↑Bacteroidetes ↑Prevotella
^132	Cross-sectional	50	(1) Current smokers: 18 (2) Never smokers: 32	Saliva and tongue samples	16S rRNA	Saliva Streptococcus, Prevotella, Neisseria, and Actinomyces		Saliva ↑Treponema ↑Selenomonas. ↓Capnocytophaga ↓Cardiobacterium Tongue ↑Dialister ↑Atopobium ↓Haemophilus ↓Gemella ↓Peptostreptococcus ↓Granulicatella ↓Catonella ↓Peptostreptococcaceae
						Tongue:Streptococcus, Prevotella,
^130	Meta-analysis	2 separate data sets. 844 1)2016: 657 2)2017: 187	(1) 2016: 657 Current smokers: 144 Former smokers: 129 Never smokers: 384 2) 2017:18 Current smokers:40 Former smokers:41Never smokers:106	Tongue samples	V3-V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing			↑Actinobacteria ↑Firmicutes
^131	Cross-sectional	286	(1) Current smokers: 52 (2) Never smokers:234	Tongue samples	Metagenomic sequencing			↑Porphyromonas endodontalis ↑Streptococcus oralis ↑Streptococcus parasanguinis ↑Veillonella dispar ↓Neisseria subflava ↓Lautropia mirabilis ↓Neisseria flavescens

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