Figures & data
Table 1. Various parameters investigated in the cooling experiment.
Figure 1. Experimentally obtained timewise cooling of (a) 237-ml (8-oz) beverages, (b) 355-ml (12-oz) beverages and (c) 473-ml (16-oz) beverages.
Figure 2. Timewise cooling of (a) 237-ml (8-oz), (b) 355-ml (12-oz) and (c) 473-ml (16-oz) beverages with ±2 standard deviation envelopes.
Figure 3. Timewise temperature variations accounting for significant parameters.
Figure 4. Surface temperatures of a skin surrogate and on living tissue following a spill incident.
Figure 5. Multiple tissue layers and applied boundary condition.
Table 2(a). Thicknesses of tissue layers used in model (mm).
Table 2(b). Summary of thermophysical properties used in the calculations.
Figure 6. Burn depths for various spill temperatures.
Table 3(a). Impact temperatures in °C for an 8-oz (237-ml) beverage spilled without a cap.
Table 3(b). Burn depths (mm) for an 8-oz (237-ml) beverage spilled without a cap.
Table 4(a). Impact temperatures in °C for an 8-oz (237-ml) beverage spilled with a cap.
Table 4(b). Burn depths (mm) for an 8-oz (237-ml) beverage spilled with a cap.
Table 5(a). Impact temperatures in °C for a 12-oz (355-ml) beverage spilled without a cap.
Table 5(b). Burn depths (mm) for a 12-oz (355-ml) beverage spilled without a cap.
Table 6(a). Impact temperatures in °C for a 12-oz (355-ml) beverage spilled with a cap.
Table 6(b). Burn depths (mm) for a 12-oz (355-ml) beverage spilled with a cap.
Table 7(a). Impact temperatures in °C for a 16-oz (473-ml) beverage spilled without a cap.
Table 7(b). Burn depths (mm) for a 16-oz (473-ml) beverage spilled without a cap.
Table 8(a). Impact temperatures in °C for a 16-oz (473-ml) beverage spilled with a cap.
Table 8(b). Burn depths (mm) for a 16-oz (473-ml) beverage spilled with a cap.
Table 9. Burn risk for various service temperatures and cooling durations for cups which are not capped. “DP” signifies a deep-partial-thickness burn or worse and “SP” indicates superficial-partial-thickness burn or worse. This table corresponds to adults with 2 mm dermal layer thickness.
Table 10. Burn risk for various service temperatures and cooling durations for cups which are capped. “DP” signifies a deep-partial-thickness burn or worse and “SP” indicates superficial-partial-thickness burn or worse. This table corresponds to adults with 2 mm dermal layer thickness.