Status and advancement of microwave ablation in China

Figures & data

Table 1. Commercial MWA system and antenna in China currently.

Name	Company	Internally-cooled medium	Frequency(MHz)	Antenna shape	Antenna diameter (Gauge)	Antenna active tip (mm)	Thermal monitoring system
KY	Kang You Institute, Nanjing	Saline	2450; 915	Needle	16 and 15	3;5;11;22	Yes
ECO	ECO Institute, Nanjing	Saline	2450	Needle	15	3;5;11	Yes
MTC	VikingJiu Zhou Institute, Nanjing	Saline	2450	Needle	14	3;5;11	Yes
METI	Fuzhong Institute, Nanjing	Saline	2450	Needle	15	3;5;11	No
MTI	Great Wall Institute, Nanjing	Saline	2450	Needle	15	3;5;11	No

MWA: microwave ablation.

Table 2. Major researches of MWA in primary and secondary liver malignancies treatment.

			Lesions			Tumour size (cm)	Follow-up (Mons)	CA (%)	LTP (%)	Survival (%)		Major complication (%)
Author	Year	Patients	HCC	Mets	System					3-year	5-year
Lu MD et al. [22]	2001	50	107		UMC-I	2.7 ± 1.5	18.1	94.4	≤2 cm: 2 > 2 cm: 8	73	N/A	0
Liang P et al. [23]	2005	288	477		UMC-I	3.8 ± 1.6	31.4	N/A	8	72	51	N/A
Liang P [29]	2006	128		282	UMC-I	3.5 ± 1.6	30 ± 20	N/A	N/A	51.1	31.9	N/A
Dong BW [43]	2006	216	275		UMC-I	3.2 ± 0.2	40 ± 24	95.6	N/A	80.4	68.6	3.7
Kuang M et al. [44]	2007	90	Total	133	FORSEA	0.8–8.0	17.4 ± 4.4	93.2	5	N/A	N/A	4.0
Jiao D et al. [45]	2010	60	96		ECO-100A	3.2 ± 0.17	17.2 ± 6.5	78.5–96.4	5.2	N/A	N/A	0
Liang P et al. [52]	2012	1007	1363		KY-2000	2.9 ± 1.8	17.3	97.1	5.9	N/A	59.8	2.2
Liu Y [46]	2012	80	57	23	ECO-100C	4.6 ± 1.3	32	87.5	22.2	56.5	34.6	7.5
Wang JB [47]	2014	115		165	KY-2000	3.1 ± 1.1	28		11.8	78.7	N/A	4.3
Zhang TT [48]	2015	89	116		MTC-3C	2.6 ± 1.0	25	91	18.3	53.7	39.6	1.1
Zhang NN [49]	2015	45	60		ECO-100C	3.0–8.0	15	85.7–100	24.4	2-year	86.7	0
Sun AX [50]	2015	182	182		FORSEA + KY-2000	3.7 ± 0.5	17.8	93	25	60	N/A	2.7
Yu J [51]	2015	1249	1876	653	KY-2000	2.8 ± 1.4	20.3	N/A	4.3	70.1	52.4	N/A

HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; CA: complete ablation; LTP: local tumour progression; N/A: not available.

Table 3. Major researches of MWA in renal tumours treatment.

Author	Year	System	Tumour type	Tumour number	Tumour size (cm)	Follow-up (Mons)	CA (%)	LTP (%)	Survival (%)		Major complication (%)
									3-year	5-year
Liang P et al. [58]	2008	KY-2000	RCC	12	2.0	11	100	0	N/A		0
Bai J et al. [59]	2010	KY-2000	RCC	23	2.8	20	94.4	0	N/A		0
Guan W et al. [60]	2010	KY-2000	hamartoma	16	4.6	16	93.8	0	N/A		6.3
Yu J et al. [3]	2012	KY-2000	RCC	46	3.0	20.1	98	6.1	100		0
Guan W et al. [61]	2012	KY-2000	RCC	48	3.1 ± 0.8	36	95.8	4.2	91.3	N/A	2.0
Yu J et al. [62]	2014	KY-2000	RCC	65	2.7 ± 0.9	20.3	100	1.5	97.1	97.1	2.5
Lin Y et al. [63]	2014	KY-2000	RCC	14	1.0–8.4	9.5	93.8	0	N/A		0
Han ZY et al. [64]	2015	KY-2000	angiomyolipoma	19	3.4 ± 1.7	10	78.9	0	N/A		5.3
Yu J et al. [65]	2015	KY-2000	RCC	98	2.7 ± 0.9	25.8	100	1.0	97.0	97.0	1.7

RCC: renal cell carcinoma.

Table 4. Results of Chinese clinical studies regarding MWA of lung tumours.

Authors	Year	No. of patients	Tumour size (cm)	Image guidance	System	Frequency (MHz)	Power (W)	Follow-up (months)	CA (%)	LTP (%)	Survival (%)			Complication (%)
											1-year	2-year	3-year
Feng W et al. [66]	2002	20	3.7 (2.0–4.6)	CT	Micmtaze HE-8M	2450	65	12.4 (3–24)	57.1%	100%	40%	10%	N/A	0
He W et al. [67]	2006	12	2.0–6.0	US	UMC-I	2450	100	20 (6–40)	100	0	N/A	N/A	N/A	0
Lu Q et al. [68]	2012	69	2.2 (0.8–5.5)	CT	Viva-Wave	915	60	36	N/A	21.7	66.7	44.9	24.6	1.5
Yang X et al. [5]	2014	47	2.4–5.0	CT	MTC‐3C	2450	60–80	30 (7–70)	N/A	27.7	91	59	36	19.1
Wei ZG et al. [69]	2014	39	3.8 (1.0–9.0))	CT	MTC-3C	2450	60–70	11.2 (2.5–29.2)	N/A	25.6%	N/A	N/A	N/A	7.9
Zheng A et al. [70]	2014	184	3.3	CT	MTC-3C	2450	60–80	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	20.6
Wei ZG et al. [71]	2015	46	3.7 (1.0–7.0)	CT	MTC-3C	2450	60–70	21 (5.1–39.2)	84.8	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	6.5
Sun YH et al. [72]	2015	29	1.5–5.8	CT	KY-2000	2450	50–70	25 (3–45)	75.9	34.8	91.3	N/A	N/A	3.4

CT: computed tomography; US: ultrasound.

Figure 1. Images of a 70-year-old female patient with a tumour at the border of the left and right lobe. (A) Preoperative 3D images visualised the spatial relationship of the tumour (red arrow) and the surrounding nutrient artery (yellow arrow), portal vein (blue arrow) and hepatic vein (white arrow) in multiple angles. (B) Ablation protocol was achieved through three-dimensional visualisation of the preoperative planning system, and six needles were needed to ablate the tumour completely. (C) The contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging showed complete tumour necrosis (red arrow) one month after microwave ablation without hepatic vein (white arrow) injury. (D) Three-dimensional visualisation software system showed that the ablation zone (green arrow) covered the tumour (red arrow) completely one month after microwave ablation.

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