Outpatient follow-up after mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the UPFRONT-study

Figures & data

Table I. Patient characteristics.

	All patients	1) Hospitalized	2) Non-hospitalized	Difference 1–2
	n = 1151	(n = 689)	(n = 462)	p-value
Demographics
Age, years, mean (SD)	44.1 (19.6)	46.6 (19.9)	40.6 (18.5)	<0.005^a
Male gender	62	66	57	0.005^b
Pre-injury employment status				0.076^c
- Working/student	66	63	71
- Not working	34	37	29
Injury characteristics
Cause of injury				<0.005^c
Traffic
- Motor Vehicle Accident	17	21	12
- Bike accident	29	30	28
- Pedestrian	3	4	3
Fall	36	34	38
Assault	8	5	12
Sport injury	2	1	3
Other	5	5	4
ISS score, mean (SD)	7.2 (5.0)	8.4 (5.8)	5.2 (1.8)	<0.005^a
Alcohol usage day of injury	35	38	32	<0.005^b
EMV score ED <15	35	50	13	<0.005^b
Posttraumatic amnesia				<0.005^c
- None	13	9	19
- < 1 hour	58	49	70
- 1 hour – 1 day	29	42	11
Loss of consciousness (yes)	85	86	85	0.292^b
CT-abnormalities	14	21	2	<0.005^b

Data are represented by percentages if not specified otherwise.

^aStudent t test.

^bPearson’s χ² test.

^cMann–Whitney U test.

Figure 1. Flow schedule of follow-up for hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients.

Figure 2. Outpatient follow-up visits by different health care providers for hospitalized (A) and non-hospitalized (B) patients.

Figure 3. Cumulative number of consulted specialists up to three (A) and six (B) months after injury for hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients.

Figure 4. Guideline adherence for hospital admittance.