Cortical and cerebellar structural correlates of cognitive-motor integration performance in females with and without persistent concussion symptoms

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the four visuomotor conditions.

Visual stimuli were presented on either the vertical or horizontal monitor, while movement direction was either toward the target or 180° reversed. Light gray cursor, eye, and hand symbols denote the starting position for each trial (home target). Dark gray eye and hand symbols denote the instructed eye and hand movements for each task. Red circles denote the peripheral (reach) target, presented randomly in one of the four locations (left, up, right, down). The dark crosshair denotes the cursor feedback provided during each condition.

Table 1. Median scores between groups (PCS, healthy control) on kinematic variables of each visuomotor task condition.

Kinematic variables	Group	Condition
		standard	plane-change (PC)	cue-reversal (CR)	plane-change + cue-reversal (PC+CR)
Timing Composite	Control	44.04	48.78	38.86	47.60
	PCS	66.54	61.65	60.46	65.70
RT (ms)	Control	355.00	351.00	513.00	494.00
	PCS	365.00	385.00	530.00	567.00
TMT (ms)	Control	331.00	538.00	477.00	763.00
	PCS	436.00	608.00	640.00	909.00
PV (mm/ms)	Control	130.89	102.19	103.81	73.42
	PCS	104.50	86.74	83.32	63.92
Trajectory Composite	Control	48.40	49.69	45.04	44.26
	PCS	52.39	40.99	43.62	33.00
AE (mm)	Control	2.50	3.58	3.25	4.87
	PCS	2.40	3.04	3.27	3.97
VE (mm)	Control	2.32	2.78	3.12	4.37
	PCS	2.42	3.10	2.63	3.74
FPL (mm)	Control	39.40	39.38	39.55	40.61
	PCS	39.92	39.10	39.73	40.82
Sub-Movement Composite	Control	49.28	44.34	49.79	53.22
	PCS	67.26	47.36	65.12	46.56
%SubMvt (%)	Control	6.25	50.00	36.84	73.33
	PCS	12.50	53.33	53.33	62.50
#SubMvt (#)	Control	0.06	0.56	0.41	1.00
	PCS	0.13	0.57	0.57	1.06
%Equal (%)	Control	100.00	71.43	78.95	66.67
	PCS	100.00	78.57	78.57	69.23
DR (%)	Control	0.00	0.00	7.14	8.33
	PCS	0.00	0.00	7.69	5.56

AE: absolute error; DR: direction reversal errors; FPL: full path length; PV: peak velocity; RT: reaction time; TMT: total movement time; VE: variable error; %Equal: percent of trials with no corrective movements; %SubMvt: percent of trials with sub-movements; #SubMvt: mean number of sub-movements per trial. No significant differences between groups were found (p > 0.05).

Table 2. Correlation significance summary matrix for all relationships analyzed in the study. Light/dark red shading indicates positive correlations significant at the ρ = 0.05 /0.01 level, light/dark blue shading indicates negative correlations significant at the ρ = 0.05 /0.01 level, green/white shading indicates no significant difference at α = 0.05. For cortical structural correlations1,17), lower left boxes indicate volume, upper right boxes indicate thickness. Only cerebellar lobules that showed significant group differences are included (21,24–)

. *:plane change condition, **:cue reversal condition, †:plane change & cue reversal condition. Tangerine cells with dark borders show correlations with behavioral performance.

Figure 2. Relationship between the volume of the right precuneus and trajectory performance on the plane change + cue reversal condition.

Figure 3. Relationship between the volume of the left VIIIa lobule and timing performance on the cue reversal condition.

Figure 4. Relationship between the volume of the left VIIIa lobule and the volume of the left precuneus.

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