Chronic frontal neurobehavioural symptoms in combat-deployed military personnel with and without a history of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants at 5-Year Follow-up.

	Non-Blast Control n = 107		Blast Mild TBI N = 164		Full Sample n = 271
	M	sd	M	sd	M	sd
Age (years)*	36.2	7.8	31.7	6.8	33.5	7.6
Education (years)*	15.9	2.7	13.6	1.7	14.5	2.4
	%		%		%
Gender*
Female	16%		4%		8%
Male	84%		96%		92%
Race/Ethnicity
White	76%		74%		75%
African American	15%		8%		11%
Hispanic/Latino	9%		15%		13%
Asian/Pacific Islander	0%		2%		1%
Other	0%		1%		0%
Military Branch*
Army	56%		85%		73%
Navy	20%		1%		8%
Air Force	16%		1%		7%
Marines	8%		13%		11%

Note. *statistically significant group difference at p < 0.05.

M=Mean.

sd=Standard Deviation.

Figure 1. FrSBe T-scores at 5-Year follow-up for blast mild TBI and non-blast controls.

Note. a) FrSBe Total T-scores; p < .001. b) FrSBe Apathy T-scores; p < .001. c) FrSBe Disinhibition T-scores; p < .001. d) FrSBe Executive Dysfunction T-scores; p < .001.

Dashed horizontal line = Clinical elevation threshold of T > 65

Figure 2. FrSBe T-scores at 1-Year follow-up for blast mild TBI and non-blast controls.

Note. a) FrSBe Total T-scores; p = .001. b) FrSBe Apathy T-scores; p = .007. c) FrSBe Disinhibition T-scores; p = .001. d) FrSBe Executive Dysfunction T-scores; p = .001.

Dashed horizontal line = Clinical elevation threshold of T > 65

Figure 3. Change in FrSBe T-scores from 1-Year to 5-year follow-up for blast mild TBI and non-blast controls.

Note. a) FrSBe Total T-scores; Non-blast controls, p = .094, Blast mild TBI, p = .080. b) FrSBe Apathy T-scores; Non-blast controls, p = .182, Blast mild TBI, p = .236. c) FrSBe Disinhibition T-scores; Non-blast controls, p = .089 Blast mild TBI, p = .015. d) FrSBe Executive Dysfunction T-scores; Non-blast controls, p = .186, Blast mild TBI, p = .172.

Dashed horizontal line = Clinical elevation threshold of T > 65