Long-term outcome of early percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome: insights from the BASE ACS trial

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline clinical, angiographic and procedural characteristics of the two study groups.

Variable	Diabetic patients N = 140	Non-diabetic patients N = 687	p Value
Age (years)	64.6 ± 10.4	62.7 ± 12.1	0.055
Female gender	45 (32.1)	153 (22.3)	0.013
Current smoking	36 (25.7)	242 (35.2)	0.03
Hyperlipidaemia	94 (67.1)	294 (42.8)	<0.001
Hypertension	102 (72.9)	311 (45.3)	<0.001
Family history of IHD	57 (40.7)	320 (46.6)	0.20
Presentation by STEMI	47 (33.6)	274 (39.9)	0.16
Prior MI	24 (17.1)	72 (10.5)	0.025
Prior PCI	21 (13)	62 (9)	0.032
Prior CABG	9 (6.4)	28 (4.1)	0.22
ACC/AHA Lesion type B/C	124 (88.6)	607 (88.4)	0.94
Thrombus	63 (45)	301 (43.8)	0.79
Calcified lesions	71 (50.7)	281 (40.9)	0.032
Bifurcation lesions	22 (15.7)	155 (22.6)	0.072
Stent type (BAS/EES)	65/75	352/335	0.30
Reference vessel diameter (mm)	3.11 ± 0.42	3.14 ± 0.43	0.35
Lesion length (mm)	14.0 ± 5.7	14.4 ± 6.0	0.44
Stent diameter (mm)	3.12 ± 0.44	3.15 ± 0.44	0.41
Stent length (mm)	17.8 ± 5.4	18.3 ± 5.4	0.32
Total stent length per lesion (mm)	20.6 ± 9.4	20.7 ± 8.7	0.90
Number of vessels treated per patient	1.19 ± 0.49	1.13 ± 0.37	0.17
Number of lesions treated per patient	1.29 ± 0.66	1.17 ± 0.46	0.038
Stents per culprit lesion	1.19 ± 0.43	1.14 ± 0.36	0.19
Direct stenting	37 (26.4)	223 (32.5)	0.16
Thrombus aspiration	23 (16.4)	131 (19.1)	0.46
Post-dilatation	64 (45.7)	293 (42.6)	0.50
Stent failure	0 (0.0)	5 (0.7)	0.31
Procedural success	139 (99.3)	686 (99.9)	0.21
Unfractionated heparin	32 (22.9)	183 (26.6)	0.35
Low-molecular weight heparin	87 (62.1)	396 (57.6)	0.32
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor	38 (27.1)	204 (29.7)	0.54
Bivalirudin	18 (12.9)	103 (13)	0.51

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD, whereas categorical variables are presented as frequency (percentage).

BAS: bioactive stent; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; EES: everolimus-eluting stent; GP: glycoprotein; IHD: ischemic heart disease; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary revascularisation.

Figure 1. Kaplan–Meier estimates of the primary endpoint (a composite of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or ischaemia-driven target lesion revascularization) in the two subgroups at long-term follow-up. MACE: major adverse cardiac events.

Table 2. Clinical outcome in the two study groups at long-term follow-up.

	Diabetic patients N = 140	Non-diabetic patients N = 687	HR (95% CI)	p Value
MACE	33 (23.6)	94 (13.7)	1.95 (1.25–3.04)	0.003
Cardiac Death	11 (7.9)	15 (2.2)	3.82 (1.72–8.51)	0.002
Non-fatal MI	14 (10.0)	42 (6.1)	1.71 (0.91–3.22)	0.095
Ischaemia-driven TLR	13 (9.3)	56 (8.2)	1.15 (0.61–2.17)	0.65
Non-cardiac Death	8 (5.7)	29 (4.2)	1.38 (0.62–3.08)	0.43
Definite ST	3 (2.1)	15 (2.2)	0.98 (0.28–3.44)	1.0

Variables are presented as frequency (percentage).

MACE: major adverse cardiac events; MI: myocardial infarction; TLR: target lesion revascularisation; ST: stent thrombosis; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Table 3. Baseline clinical, angiographic and procedural characteristics of the two matched-pair subgroups.

Variable	Diabetic patients N = 133	Non-diabetic patients N = 133	p Value
Age (years)	64.8 ± 10.4	66.1 ± 11.5	0.33
Female gender	43 (32.3)	46 (34.6)	0.69
Current smoking	35 (26.3)	36 (27.1)	0.89
Hyperlipidaemia	87 (65.4)	83 (62.4)	0.61
Hypertension	95 (71.4)	99 (74.4)	0.58
Family history of IHD	52 (39.1)	64 (48.1)	0.13
Presentation by STEMI	45 (33.8)	42 (31.6)	0.69
Prior MI	23 (17.3)	20 (13)	0.61
Prior PCI	19 (14.3)	17 (12.8)	0.72
Prior CABG	9 (6.8)	8 (6)	0.80
ACC/AHA Lesion type B/C	119 (89.5)	116 (87.2)	0.56
Thrombus	61 (45.9)	47 (35.3)	0.08
Calcified lesions	67 (50.4)	64 (48.1)	0.71
Bifurcation lesions	22 (16.5)	24 (14)	0.74
Reference vessel diameter (mm)	3.10 ± 0.41	3.11 ± 0.41	0.89
Lesion length (mm)	14.0 ± 5.7	15.1 ± 8.2	0.24
Stent type (BAS/EES)	65/68	66/67	0.90
Stent diameter (mm)	3.11 ± 0.44	3.14 ± 0.43	0.62
Stent length (mm)	17.8 ± 5.5	18.3 ± 5.7	0.48
Total stent length per lesion (mm)	20.5 ± 9.4	20.7 ± 9.0	0.88
Number of vessels treated per patient	1.18 ± 0.47	1.23 ± 0.45	0.42
Number of lesions treated per patient	1.27 ± 0.65	1.32 ± 0.64	0.57
Stents per culprit lesion	1.18 ± 0.42	1.14 ± 0.34	0.34
Direct stenting	99 (74.4)	89 (66.9)	0.17
Thrombus aspiration	23 (17.3)	20 (13)	0.61
Post-dilatation	62 (46.6)	63 (47.4)	0.90
Stent failure	0 (0.0)	1 (0.8)	1.0
Procedural success	132 (99.2)	133 (100)	1.0
Unfractionated heparin	30 (22.6)	29 (21.8)	0.88
Low-molecular weight heparin	84 (63.2)	83 (62.4)	0.89
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor	37 (27.8)	40 (30.1)	0.68
Bivalirudin	16 (12)	21 (15.8)	0.37

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD, whereas categorical variables are presented as frequency (percentage).

BAS: bioactive stent; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; EES: everolimus-eluting stent; GP: glycoprotein; IHD: ischemic heart disease; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary revascularisation.

Table 4. Clinical outcome in the two matched-pair subgroups at long-term follow-up.

	Diabetic patients N = 133	Non-diabetic patients N = 133	HR (95% CI)	p Value
MACE	31 (23.3)	22 (16.5)	1.53 (0.83–2.82)	0.16
Cardiac Death	10 (7.5)	1 (0.8)	10.73 (1.35–85.07)	0.006
Non-fatal MI	13 (9.8)	10 (7.5)	1.33 (0.56–3.16)	0.51
Ischaemia-driven TLR	11 (8.3)	18 (13.5)	0.58 (0.26–1.27)	0.16
Non-cardiac Death	7 (5.3)	6 (4.5)	1.18 (0.38–3.59)	0.77
Definite ST	2 (1.5)	4 (3)	0.49 (0.09–2.74)	0.68

Variables are presented as frequency (percentage).

MACE: major adverse cardiac events; MI: myocardial infarction; TLR: target lesion revascularisation; ST: stent thrombosis; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Figure 2. Stent-based analyses of the two subgroups at long-term follow-up: (A) Diabetic subgroup; (B) Non-diabetic subgroup. BAS: bioactive stents; EES: everolimus-eluting stents; MACE: major adverse cardiac events; MI: myocardial infarction; ST: stent thrombosis; TLR: target lesion revascularisation.