The psychosocial impact of eye-gaze assistive technology on everyday life of children and adults

Figures & data

Table 1. The three subscales in PIADS, description of what the subscale measures, and items included in each subscale.

Subscale:	Competence	Adaptability	Self-esteem
Measures perception of:	Competence and efficacy	Willingness to try out new things	Feelings of emotional health and happiness
Number of items:	12	6	8
List of items:	Adequacy	Ability to participate	Embarrassment
	Capability	Adapt daily living	Frustration
	Competence	Eagerness to try new things	Happiness
	Confusion	Take advantage of opportunities	Security
	Efficiency	Well-being	Self-confidence
	Expertise	Willingness to take chances	Self-esteem
	Independence		Sense of control
	Performance		Sense of power
	Productivity
	Quality of life
	Skilfulness
	Usefulness

Table 2. Display the three subscales and mean values of the ratings from all participants, adults and children. Group comparison between adults and children.

Subscale	Participants						Group comparison
	All N = 61		Adult n = 34		Children n = 27
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P
Competence^a	1.63	0.71	1.76	0.83	1.48	0.50	0.038*
Adaptability^b	1.56	0.75	1.60	0.88	1.52	0.54	NS
Self-esteem^c	1.47	0.66	1.45	0.81	1.50	0.41	NS

^aadequacy; performance; skilfulness; efficiency; usefulness; independence; productivity; capability; quality of life; competence and expertise.

^bwillingness to take chances; well-being; take advantage of opportunities; ability to participate; adapt to daily living and eagerness to try new things.

^csecurity; confusion; self-confidence; self-esteem; happiness; embarrassment; frustration; sense of power and sense of control.

Table 3. Display the items included in PIADS. Mean values of the ratings from all participants, adults and children, and a group comparison between adults and children.

Items included in PIADS	All N = 61	Adult n = 34	Children n = 27	Group comparison
The Subscales are reported with capital letters in brackets: Competence (C), Adaptability (A), Self-esteem (S)	Mean	Mean	Mean	p
Quality of life (C)	2.28	2.24	2.33	NS
Ability to participate (A)	2.25	1.94	2.63	0.050*
Self-esteem (S)	2.08	1.94	2.26	NS
Wellbeing (A)	2.02	2.09	1.93	NS
Capability (C)	2.00	1.94	2.07	NS
Happiness (S)	1.97	2.03	1.89	NS
Competence (C)	1.87	1.85	1.89	NS
Sense of control (S)	1.84	1.85	1.81	NS
Self-confidence (S)	1.79	1.65	1.96	NS
Productivity (C)	1.74	1.94	1.48	NS
Performance (C)	1.72	1.76	1.67	NS
Expertise (C)	1.72	1.68	1.78	NS
Skilfulness (C)	1.70	1.71	1.70	NS
Independence (C)	1.70	1.91	1.44	0.048*
Usefulness (C)	1.56	1.88	1.15	0.012*
Sense of power (S)	1.54	1.50	1.59	NS
Eagerness to try new things (A)	1.46	1.50	1.41	NS
Efficiency (C)	1.41	1.97	0.70	0.001*
Adapt daily living (A)	1.36	1.38	1.33	NS
Take advantage of opportunities (A)	1.36	1.47	1.22	NS
Security (S)	1.30	1.38	1.19	NS
Willingness to take chances (A)	0.79	0.94	0.59	NS
Adequacy (C)	0.75	0.88	0.59	NS
Embarrassment (S)	−0.34**	−0.24**	−0.48**	NS
Frustration (S)	−0.70**	−0.65**	−0.78**	NS
Confusion (C)	−0.75**	−0.62**	−0.93**	NS

*display items with a significant difference between adult and children participants.

**negative scoring has a positive psychosocial impact.

Table 4. Categorization of users based on the duration of use.

	All (N = 61)	Adult (n = 34)	Children (n = 27)
	N(%)	n(%)	n(%)
High duration user (more than 4 h/day) A (n = 10), B (n = 9), C (n = 0)^a	19(31)	15(44)	4(15)
Medium duration user (more than two hours and up to four hours/day) A (n = 7), B (n = 7), C (n = 1)^a	15(25)	10(29)	5(18)
Low duration user (two or fewer hours/day) A (n = 17), B (n = 3), C (n = 5)^a	25(41)	8(24)	17(63)
None user A (n = 2), B (n = 0), C (n = 0)^a	2(3)	1(3)	1(4)

^aUsed eye gaze devices, A (Tobii I-12 or Tobii I-15), B (Tobii PCEye or Tobii PCEye Go) and C (Tobii C12, Intelligaze Rolltalk or Grid Pad Eye 13”).

Table 5. Mean values, standard deviation, and range in mean values in each of the subcategories competence, adaptability, and self-esteem.

	Competence	Adaptability	Self-esteem
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
	mean range	mean range	mean range
High duration user	1.78 (0.70)	1.58 (0.85)	1.5 (0.65)
	0.33 − 2.92	−0.33 − 2.83	0.38 − 3.00
Medium duration user	2.01 (0.51)	2.01 (0.62)	1.59 (0.77)
	1.17 − 2.75	1.00 − 3.00	0.38 − 2.75
Low duration user	1.41 (0.61)	1.41 (0.48)	1.47 (0.52)
	0.17 − 2.42	0.50 − 2.33	0.25 − 2.38
None user	0.08 (0.71)	−0.17 (0.23)	0.31 (0.80)
	−0.42 − 0.58	−0.33 − 0.00	−0.25 − 0.88

Figure 1. Boxplot displaying a variation of the impact of eye-gazed assistive technology on the subscale of competence based on the duration of use.

Figure 2. Boxplot displaying a variation of the impact of eye-gazed assistive technology on the subscale of adaptability based on the duration of use.

Figure 3. Boxplot displaying the variation of impacts of eye-gazed assistive technology on the subscale of self-esteem based on the duration of use.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [MA], upon reasonable request.