Perceived coaches’ health promotion activity, maintenance of participation in sports, and lifestyle habits among emerging adults: a four-year follow-up study

Figures & data

Table 1. Study sample.

Baseline study participants recruited from sports clubs and schools	Follow-up study participants	Organized sports participation patterns	Total sample of study participants recruited from sports clubs and schools				Study participants recruited from sports clubs (part of the total sample)
			Female	Male	N/A	Total	Female	Male	Total
2149	619 (mean age 15.5, SD 0.6)	MAINTAINERS	101	87	3	191	75	74	149
		DROPOUTS	167	83	5	255	109	65	174
		NONPARTICIPANTS	112	56	2	170
		Joiners	2	1	0	3
		Total	382	227	10	619	184	139	323

Table 2. The percentage distributions of female and male sports participants at age 15 according to how they perceived coaches’ health promotion activity in different health topics (%).

	Total (n = 323)		Females (n = 184)		Males (n = 139)		χ2			Effect size
Health topics	Frequent	Infrequent	Frequent	Infrequent	Frequent	Infrequent	Value	df	p	Cramer’s V
Injury prevention	67.2	32.8	69.6	30.4	64.0	36.0	1.10	1	.294	0.06
Sleep/rest	65.3	34.7	66.3	33.7	64.0	36.0	0.18	1	.671	0.02
Training when ill	56.0	44.0	59.2	40.8	51.8	48.2	1.78	1	.182	0.07
Physically active lifestyle	46.7	53.3	45.7	54.3	48.2	51.8	0.21	1	.649	0.03
Nutrition	46.1	53.9	45.7	54.3	46.8	53.2	0.04	1	.843	0.01
Hygiene	27.6	72.4	29.3	70.7	25.2	74.8	0.69	1	.406	0.05
Cigarette	10.8	89.2	9.2	90.8	12.9	87.1	1.13	1	.288	0.06
Doping substances	10.2	89.9	11.4	88.6	8.6	91.4	0.67	1	.414	0.05
Alcohol	9.6	90.4	8.7	91.3	10.8	89.2	0.40	1	.527	0.04
Snuff	8.7	91.3	6.0	94.0	12.2	87.8	3.91	1	.048	0.11
Violence related to sport	8.4	91.6	7.1	92.9	10.1	89.9	0.93	1	.334	0.05
Drugs	6.8	93.2	5.4	94.6	8.6	91.4	1.28	1	.259	0.06
Sexual issues	2.8	97.2	1.6	98.4	4.3	95.7	2.11	1	.181^F	0.08

^F = Fisher’s exact test.

Table 3. The percentage distributions of female and male maintainers and dropouts according to how they perceived coach’s general health promotion activity (%).

	Females (n = 184)		χ^2			Effect size	Males (n = 139)		χ^2			Effect size
Coach’s general health promotion activity	Maintainers	Dropouts	Value	df	p	Cramer’s V	Maintainers	Dropouts	Value	df	p	Cramer’s V
Frequent	32.0	28.4	0.37	2	.829	0.05	48.6*	20.0*	12.89	2	.002	0.30
Medium	32.0	35.8					23.0*	41.5*
Infrequent	36.0	35.8					28.4	38.5

* difference according to z-test.

Table 4. Binary logistic regression analysis of the association of coach’s general health promotion activity with maintained participation compared to dropout (n = 323).

	OR (95% CI)	p
Coach’s general health promotion activity
Infrequent	1
Medium	0.83 (0.48-1.42)	.48
Frequent	1.78 (1.03-3.07)	.038

OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.

The model was adjusted for gender.

Table 5. The percentage distributions of maintainers, dropouts, and nonparticipants according to the lifestyle habits reported at age 19 (%).

Lifestyle habits	Total n = 609–616	Maintainers n = 188–191	Dropouts n = 253–255	Nonparticipants n = 168–170	χ2			Effect size
Physical activity					Value	df	p	Cramer’s V
7 days/week	11.3	22.3^a	6.7^b	6.0^b	32.88	2	<.001	0.23
< 7 days/week	88.7	77.7^a	93.3^b	94.0^b
Sleep
≥ 8 h	66.6	72.8^a	69.6^b	55.3^b	14.05	2	<.001	0.15
< 8 h	33.4	27.2^a	30.4^b	44.7^b
Salad, fruits, and vegetables
At least one of these more than once a day every day	33.3	39.8^a	33.7^a,^Table Footnoteb	25.3^b	8.55	2	.014	0.12
Less	66.7	60.2^a	66.3^a,^Table Footnoteb	74.7^b
Alcohol
No use	12.5	10.5^a	9.4^a	19.4^b	10.37	2	.006	0.13
Use	87.5	89.5^a	90.6^a	80.6^b
Cigarette
No use	85.1	93.7^a	85.9^b	74.1^c	27.43	2	<.001	0.21
Use	14.9	6.3^a	14.1^b	25.9^c
Snuff
No use	89.4	90.6^a	89.0^a	88.8^a	0.38	2	.828	0.03
Use	10.6	9.4^a	11.0^a	11.2^a

a,b,c = differences according to z-test.

Table 6. Binary logistic regression analysis of the lifestyle habits at age 19 according to the patterns of organized sports participation (n = 323).

Organized sports participation patterns	Physical activity 7 d/wk			Sleep ≥ 8 h			Salad, fruits, and vegetables (at least one of these more than once a day every day)			No alcohol use			No cigarette use
	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Maintainers vs. nonparticipants*	4.36	2.10–9.04	<.001	2.48	1.57–3.92	<.001	2.25	1.41–3.60	<.001	0.49	0.27–0.90	.021	5.31	2.62–10.73	<.001
Maintainers vs. dropouts*	4.05	2.19–7.49	<.001	1.36	0.83–2.09	.164	1.48	0.99–2.23	.057	1.13	0.60–2.13	.698	2.51	1.23–5.10	.011
Dropouts vs. nonparticipants*	1.08	0.48–2.44	.860	1.83	1.21–2.77	.004	1.52	0.98–2.36	.064	0.43	0.25–0.77	.004	2.12	1.28–3.50	.003

OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.

The model was adjusted for gender. *reference category.

Data availability

The data used in this study are not publicly available because they contain identification information. However, some parts of the data may be requested by the principal investigator (SK) upon reasonable request.