Bone mineral density, body height, and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in middle‐aged men

Figures & data

Table I. Characteristics of the study subjects (mean±SD) at the randomization in the exercise and reference groups.

Characteristics	Exercise group	Reference group	P‐value^a
Number of subjects	70	70
Age (years)	57.6±2.9	57.8±2.8	0.681
Weight (kg)	80.8±10.5	82.1±12.4	0.529
Height (cm)	172.7±6.0	173.7±5.7	0.292
Ventilatory Aerobic threshold (ml/min)	1150±286	1154±295	0.936
Calcium intake (mg/d)	1084±420	1053±394	0.659
Vitamin D intake (µg/d)	5.82±4.11	5.49±4.06	0.523^b
Serum TRAP 5b (U/l)	4.62±1.39	4.81±1.67	0.447^b
Serum osteocalcin (µg/l)	26.4±10.6	30.2±22.2	0.653^b
L2‐L4 BMD (g/cm^2)	1.233±0.178	1.192±0.185	0.190
L2‐L4 BMD (g/cm^3)vol	0.315±0.051	0.308±0.046	0.386
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm^2)	1.009±0.138	1.024±0.137	0.539
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm^3)vol	0.344±0.065	0.346±0.058	0.801
Total proximal femur BMD(g/cm^2)	1.091±0.132	1.103±0.145	0.595

^aIndependent t‐test

^bMann‐Whitney test

Table II. The distribution and allele frequencies of VDR genotypes in the exercise, reference, and entire groups.

VDR genotypes/alleles	Exercise group	Reference group	Entire group
TaqI
TT	32 (50.0%)	27 (42.9%)	59 (46.5%)
Tt	30 (46.9%)	28 (44.4%)	58 (45.7%)
tt	2 (3.1%)	8 (12.7%)	10 (7.9%)
T	0.73	0.65	0.69
t	0.27	0.35	0.31
c^2	2.60	0.03	0.68
FokI
FF	34 (53.1%)	24 (38.1%)	58 (45.7%)
Ff	23 (35.9%)	28 (44.4%)	51 (40.2%)
ff	7 (10.9%)	11 (17.5%)	18 (14.2%)
F	0.71	0.60	0.66
f	0.29	0.40	0.34
c^2	1.01	0.32	1.49
ApaI
AA	19 (29.7%)	21 (33.3%)	40 (31.5%)
Aa	34 (53.1%)	32 (50.8%)	66 (52.0%)
aa	11 (17.2%)	10 (15.9%)	21 (16.5%)
A	0.56	0.59	0.58
a	0.44	0.41	0.43
c^2	0.40	0.14	0.51

Table III. Characteristics (mean±SD) of the study subjects at randomization among the VDR TaqI genotypes.

Characteristics	TT	Tt and tt	P‐value^a
Number of subjects	59	68
Age (year)	57.9±2.9	57.6±2.9	0.629^b
Weight (kg)	79.7±13.1	82.7±10.2	0.152
Height (cm)	171.1±6.4	174.7±5.1	0.001
Ca intake (mg/d)	1091±406	1101±404	0.896
Vitamin D intake (µg/d)	5.81±4.05	5.49±3.95	0.745^b
Serum TRAP 5b (U/l)	4.81±1.47	4.65±1.44	0.258^b
Serum osteocalcin (µg/l)	27.4±12.7	28.1±12.6	0.817^b
L2‐L4 BMD (g/cm^2)	1.218±0.205	1.205±0.170	0.685
L2‐L4 BMD (g/cm^3)vol	0.314±0.052	0.308±0.046	0.499
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm^2)	0.978±0.122	1.052±0.142	0.003
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm^3)vol	0.333±0.048	0.360±0.068	0.013
Total proximal femur BMD (g/cm^2)	1.076±0.128	1.124±0.144	0.054

^aIndependent samples t‐test

^bMann‐Whitney test

Table IV. VDR TaqI genotypes, characteristics at randomization, and BMD values (mean±SD) of lumbar spine and proximal femur in the exercise and reference groups.

Characteristics	Exercise group			Reference group
	TT	Tt and tt	P‐value^a	TT	Tt and tt	P‐value^a
Number of subjects	32	32		27	36
Age (year)	58.2±3.0	56.9±2.8	0.085	57.4±2.8	58.2±3.0	0.318
Weight (kg)	79.1±13.1	81.9±6.9	0.293	80.5±13.3	83.5±12.5	0.349
Height (cm)	171.4±7.0	173.7±4.9	0.122	170.8±5.7	175.5±5.2	0.001
Ca intake (mg/d)	1108±460	1126±385	0.860	1073±341	1077±426	0.967
Vitamin D intake (µg/d)	5.65±3.54	5.85±4.23	0.923^b	6.00±4.63	5.15±3.71	0.733^b
Serum TRAP 5b (U/l)	4.76±1.45	4.40±1.27	0.182^b	4.87±1.51	4.86±1.57	0.755^b
Serum osteocalcin (µg/l)	25.2±10.4	27.4±10.8	0.519^b	29.9±14.7	28.6±14.1	0.632^b
BMD values (g/cm^2)
Lumbar spine (L2–L4)
Randomization	1.260±0.181	1.211±0.186	0.305	1.173±0.223	1.198±0.156	0.606
4‐year	1.291±0.174	1.261±0.201	0.528	1.186±0.206	1.219±0.161	0.496
4‐year change (%)	2.93±7.34	4.18±6.69	0.534^c	1.52±6.75	2.63±4.84	0.348^c
Femoral neck
Randomization	0.977±0.124	1.040±0.148	0.069	0.979±0.123	1.062±0.139	0.018
Adjusted			0.156^d			0.078^d
BMDvol (g/cm^3)	0.333±0.047	0.358±0.076	0.115	0.333±0.051	0.362±0.062	0.056
4‐year	0.966±0.144	1.032±0.158	0.090	0.966±0.110	1.042±0.144	0.028
Adjusted			0.156^d			0.077^d
BMDvol (g/cm^3)	0.324±0.054	0.353±0.069	0.069	0.328±0.044	0.353±0.061	0.087
4‐year change (%)	−1.19±5.96	−0.91±2.82	0.800^c	−1.14±4.67	−1.73±4.00	0.237^c
Total proximal femur
Randomization	1.071±0.132	1.115±0.132	0.188	1.082±0.126	1.131±0.155	0.186
4‐year	1.063±0.143	1.099±0.133	0.308	1.068±0.120	1.123±0.155	0.144
4‐year change (%)	−0.78±3.25	−1.44±2.76	0.447^c	−1.12±3.52	−0.66±3.08	0.431^c

^aIndependent samples t‐test

^bMann‐Whitney test

^cANOVA of repeated measures

^dANCOVA; Height and weight were used as a covariate.

Table V. VDR ApaI genotypes, characteristics at randomization, and BMD values (mean±SD) of lumbar spine and proximal femur in the exercise and reference groups.

Characteristics	Exercise group				Reference group
	AA	Aa	aa	P‐value^a	AA	Aa	aa	P‐value^a
Number of subjects	19	34	11		21	32	10
Serum TRAP 5b (U/l)	4.61±1.45	4.39±1.18	5.13±1.69	0.483^b	4.56±1.40	5.11±1.77	4.74±0.79	0.365^b
Serum osteocalcin (µg/l)	30.1±13.1	23.7±7.7	27.9±12.2	0.248^b	22.4±4.8	33.4±17.8	29.8±9.0	0.005^b
Ca intake (mg/d)	1119±390	1091±413	1202±525	0.769	1020±334	1063±419	1223±388	0.394
Vitamin D intake (µg/d)	6.41±4.80	5.40±3.47	5.73±3.43	0.825^b	5.98±3.31	4.82±3.55	6.79±6.65	0.424^b
BMD values (g/cm^2)
Lumbar spine (L2–L4)^1
Randomization	1.258±0.194	1.210±0.174	1.268±0.201	0.541	1.165±0.156	1.205±0.209	1.171±0.184	0.747
4‐year	1.296±0.230	1.254±0.158	1.306±0.196	0.632	1.181±0.172	1.217±0.193	1.210±0.182	0.795
4‐year change (%)	2.80±7.02	4.07±6.83	3.46±7.89	0.982^c	1.23±5.09	2.22±6.34	3.52±5.41	0.224^c
Femoral neck^2
Randomization	0.993±0.145	1.022±0.142	0.996±0.128	0.741	1.080±0.165	1.003±0.095	0.991±0.167	0.091
4‐year	0.988±0.154	1.012±0.162	0.978±0.137	0.763	1.054±0.163	0.991±0.095	0.971±0.159	0.165
4‐year change (%)	−0.60±2.98	−1.04±5.54	−1.80±3.72	0.841^c	−2.44±3.28	−0.70±4.97	−1.80±3.72	0.392^c
Total proximal femur^2
Randomization	1.067±0.125	1.109±0.139	1.087±0.131	0.545	1.153±0.163	1.084±0.125	1.103±0.153	0.233
4‐year	1.050±0.131	1.103±0.144	1.063±0.130	0.386	1.140±0.164	1.074±0.119	1.091±0.157	0.270
4‐year change (%)	−1.52±3.10	−0.56±2.91	−2.17±2.99	0.404^c	−1.18±2.04	−0.54±4.12	−1.14±2.41	0.750^c

^aOne‐way analysis of variance

^bKruskal‐Wallis test

^cANOVA of repeated measures

¹Exercise group: randomization n = 62, 4‐year n = 62

Reference group: randomization n = 60, 4‐year n = 59

²Exercise group: randomization n = 63, 4‐year n = 63

Reference group: randomization n = 62, 4‐year n = 61

Table VI. VDR FokI genotypes, characteristics at randomization, and BMD values (mean±SD) of lumbar spine and proximal femur in the exercise and reference groups.

Characteristics	Exercise group				Reference group
	FF	Ff	ff	P‐value^a	FF	Ff	ff	P‐value^a
Number of subjects	34	23	7		24	28	11
Serum TRAP 5b (U/l)	4.68±1.23	4.51±1.68	4.32±0.87	0.413^b	4.97±1.41	4.70±1.03	5.05±2.64	0.330^b
Serum osteocalcin (µg/l)	26.3±9.4	26.7±13.4	25.0±6.0	0.736^b	29.9±14.1	27.5±11.8	31.9±20.1	0.921^b
Ca intake (mg/d)	1097±425	1180±440	988±327	0.567	980±455	1135±340	1129±334	0.331
Vitamin D intake (µg/d)	5.64±3.37	6.43±4.77	3.86±2.17	0.343^b	5.93±4.27	5.42±4.11	4.92±4.15	0.657^b
BMD values (g/cm^2)
Lumbar spine (L2–L4)^1
Randomization	1.256±0.191	1.202±0.153	1.239±0.244	0.571	1.115±0.133	1.200±0.199	1.307±0.203	0.021
4‐year	1.300±0.194	1.246±0.181	1.254±0.188	0.562	1.152±0.155	1.213±0.199	1.294±0.166	0.116
4‐year change (%)	3.78±6.64	3.66±6.39	2.32±10.76	0.269^c	3.29±5.28	2.13±4.91	−0.48±8.29	0.257^c
Femoral neck^2
Randomization	0.994±0.136	1.018±0.145	1.051±0.147	0.584	1.037±0.129	1.022±0.160	1.021±0.093	0.917
4‐year	0.981±0.138	1.011±0.181	1.049±0.135	0.522	1.013±0.129	1.005±0.153	1.012±0.106	0.974
4‐year change (%)	−1.29±3.61	−1.03±6.17	0.02±2.80	0.928^c	−2.16±4.45	−1.11±3.96	−0.84±4.86	0.303^c
Total proximal femur^2
Randomization	1.080±0.120	1.103±0.148	1.122±0.149	0.689	1.105±0.146	1.111±0.163	1.122±0.084	0.952
4‐year	1.068±0.115	1.087±0.162	1.122±0.163	0.628	1.097±0.131	1.096±0.174	1.114±0.071	0.942
4‐year change (%)	−1.04±2.72	−1.51±3.54	−0.16±2.43	0.475^c	−0.49±3.40	−1.28±3.05	−0.58±3.60	0.847^c

^aOne‐way analysis of variance

^bKruskal‐Wallis test

^cANOVA of repeated measures

¹Exercise group: randomization n = 62, 4‐year n = 62

Reference group: randomization n = 60, 4‐year n = 59

²Exercise group: randomization n = 63, 4‐year n = 63

Reference group: randomization n = 62, 4‐year n = 61