Relationship between renal resistive index and early target organ damage in patients with never treated essential hypertension

Figures & data

Table I. Clinical characteristics and ambulatory blood pressure values of the patients with never treated hypertension (group 1) and healthy controls (group 2).

	Subjects with never treated HT	Healthy controls	p‐value
Number	223	95
Age (years)	37.1 ± 11.3	37.9 ± 10.4	0.57
Female gender (%)	27.4	44.2	<0.01
Waist circumference (cm)
Males	95.4 ± 10.0	94.0 ± 7.5	0.39
Females	83.1 ± 10.2	80.1 ± 9.2	0.18
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.7 ± 4.3	25.1 ± 3.5	<0.01
Smoking (%)	22.5	20.8	0.48
Duration of hypertension (years)	2.2 ± 3.9	–	–
Clinic systolic BP (mmHg)	144 ± 14	126 ± 15	<0.001
Clinic diastolic BP (mmHg)	96 ± 13	84 ± 8	<0.01
Potassium (mmol/l)	4.3 ± 0.3	4.3 ± 0.4	0.41
Glucose (mg/dl)	96.9 ± 25.6	92.4 ± 9.3	<0.05
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.89 ± 0.16	0.89 ± 0.16	0.98
Creatinine clearance (ml/min)	148.6 ± 44.3	130.7 ± 38.7	<0.05
Uric acid (mg/dl)	5.7 ± 1.5	5.1 ± 1.2	<0.01
hsCRP (mg/l)	0.17 ± 0.17	0.16 ± 0.19	0.57
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	192.2 ± 38.7	191.0 ± 32.5	0.80
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	125.9 ± 36.5	120.6 ± 32.5	0.22
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
Males	51.9 ± 14.0	53.7 ± 18.6	0.47
Females	64.7 ± 13.9	66.1 ± 13.6	0.61
Triglicerides (mg/dl)	128.4 ± 94.7	118.7 ± 202.8	0.56
Metabolic syndrome (%) ^a	21.9	13.3	0.23
24‐h ABPM values
Systolic BP (mmHg)	135 ± 9	117 ± 8	<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	84 ± 9	73 ± 6	<0.001
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	51 ± 8	44 ± 7	<0.001
AASI	0.33 ± 0.13	0.31 ± 0.13	0.27
Heart rate (beats/min)	77 ± 10	75 ± 10	0.19
Daytime ABPM values
Systolic BP (mmHg)	139 ± 9	120 ± 9	<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	87 ± 9	76 ± 6	<0.001
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	52 ± 9	44 ± 7	<0.001
AASI	0.45 ± 0.17	0.43 ± 0.16	0.42
Heart rate (beats/min)	79 ± 10	78 ± 11	0.16
Night‐time ABPM values
Systolic BP (mmHg)	119 ± 14	105 ± 9	<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	70 ± 11	62 ± 7	<0.001
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	49 ± 9	43 ± 7	<0.001
AASI	0.38 ± 0.26	0.33 ± 0.25	0.16
Heart rate (beats/min)	65 ± 11	64 ± 10	0.80
Night‐time fall
Systolic BP night‐time fall (%)	14 ± 9	13 ± 5	0.69
Diastolic BP night‐time fall (%)	19 ± 10	18 ± 7	0.37
Systolic BP dippers (%)	75.6	72.1	0.55
Diastolic BP dippers (%)	87.8	90.7	0.54

^aDefined according to ESH/ESC 2007 criteria (12). HT, hypertension; BMI , body mass index; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; M, males; F, females; HT, hypertension; BP, Blood pressure; ABPM, Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; AASI, Ambulatory arterial stiffness index

Figure 1. Resistive index (A) and pulsative index (B) in patients with never treated hypertension and healthy controls. Data are shown as mean ± SD.

Table II. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for the relationship between resistive index (RI) values and other variables in patients with never treated hypertension and healthy controls.

Variable	Hypertensive patients		Healthy subjects
	Correlation coefficient	p	Correlation coefficient	p
Age	0.311	<0.001	0.194	0.059
BMI	0.145^a	<0.05	0.178^a	0.092
24‐h systolic BP	0.134	0.072	–	–
24‐h diastolic BP	–	–	−0.238	<0.05
24‐h pulse pressure	0.234	<0.01	–	–
24‐h AASI	0.274	<0.001	0.299	<0.01
Night‐time systolic BP fall	−0.129	0.085	−0.258	<0.05
Night‐time diastolic BP fall	−0.155	<0.05	−0.286	<0.01
hsCRP concentration	0.198	<0.05	–	–
Carotid arteries IMT	0.249	<0.001	0.255	<0.05
E′/A′ index	−0.279^a	<0.001	–	–
SF	0.156	<0.05	–	–
RWT	0.185	<0.01	–	–

Variables associated with RI at <0.1 significance are presented. ^aSpearman rank correlation coefficient (rho). BMI, Body mass index; BP, Blood pressure; AASI, Ambulatory arterial stiffness index; hsCRP, High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; SF, Shortening fraction; RWT, Relative wall thickness.

Figure 2. Correlations between resistive index (RI) and age (A), 24‐h ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) (B), E′/A′ index (C) and carotid arteries intima‐media thickness (IMT) (D) in patients with never treated hypertension.