Prescriptions of psychotropic and somatic medications among patients with severe mental disorders and healthy controls in a naturalistic study

Figures & data

Table 1. Prescriptions of drugs acting on the central nervous system (ATC-N) the year before inclusion in TOP study.

		Prevalence					Test of difference^b
ATC-N	Therapeutic indications	Patients		Healthy controls		Population estimate^a, %	B	p	OR	95% CI
		n	%	N	%					Lower	Upper
N01A	General anesthetics	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.001	–	–	–	–	–
N01B	Local anesthetics	5	0.4	0	0.0	0.3	1.844^c	.114	6.321	0.700	834.640
N02A	Opioids	138	9.8	80	8.7	9.8	0.151	.306	1.163	0.871	1.555
N02B	Other analgesics and antipyretics	50	3.6	19	2.1	6.9	0.566	.038	1.762	1.030	3.012
N02C	Anti-migraine preparations	31	2.2	12	1.3	2.8	0.539	.117	1.713	0.873	3.362
N03A	Antiepileptics	318	22.6	2	0.2	2.1	4.719^c	<.0001	112.056	39.567	534.857
N04A	Anticholinergic agents	24	1.7	0	0.0	0.003	3.532^c	<.0001	34.192	4.759	4342.61
N04B	Dopaminergic agents	3	0.2	0	0.0	0.1	1.689^c	.177	5.414	0.525	727.781
N05A	Antipsychotics	931	66.2	2	0.2	2.5	6.567^c	<.0001	711.232	251.892	3391.41
N05B	Anxiolytics	282	20.1	14	1.5	3.3	2.808	<.0001	16.578	9.619	28.572
N05C	Hypnotics and sedatives	402	28.6	27	2.9	5.0	2.608	<.0001	13.578	9.091	20.278
N06A	Antidepressants	561	39.9	8	0.9	5.8	4.330	<.0001	75.931	37.538	153.593
N06B	Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics	27	1.9	0	0.0	1.2	3.531^c	<.0001	34.158	4.778	4332.93
N06D	Anti-dementia drugs	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.005	–	–	–	–	–
N07B	Drugs used in addictive disorders^d	18	1.3	3	0.3	0.6	1.353^c	.008	3.869	1.377	14.702
N07X	Other nervous system drugs	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.02	–	–	–	–	–

(–) Statistical test not applicable.

^a Weighted estimate as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.

^b Patients > healthy controls.

^c Statistical estimates calculated using Firth’s procedure.

^d Remedies for nicotine, alcohol and opioid addiction.

Table 2. Prescriptions of drugs acting on the central nervous system (ATC-N) the year after inclusion in TOP study.

		Prevalence					Test of difference^b
ATC-N	Therapeutic indications	Patients		Healthy controls		Population estimate^a, %	B	p	OR	95% CI
		n	%	N	%					Lower	Upper
N01A	General anesthetics	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.001	–	–	–	–	–
N01B	Local anesthetics	7	0.5	1	0.1	0.3	1.121^c	.164	3.067	0.664	29.224
N02A	Opioids	136	9.7	67	7.3	9.8	0.317	.043	1.373	1.011	1.864
N02B	Other analgesics and antipyretics	34	2.4	21	2.3	6.9	0.078	.781	1.082	0.623	1.877
N02C	Anti-migraine preparations	43	3.1	14	1.5	2.8	0.720	.021	2.054	1.114	3.789
N03A	Antiepileptics	447	31.8	5	0.5	2.1	4.501	<.0001	90.131	37.123	218.828
N04A	Anticholinergic agents	28	2.0	0	0.0	0.003	3.662^c	<.0001	38.939	5.468	4939.40
N04B	Dopaminergic agents	2	0.1	0	0.0	0.1	1.243^c	.372	3.465	0.270	482.510
N05A	Antipsychotics	1099	78.2	4	0.4	2.5	6.580^c	<.0001	720.539	318.621	2162.45
N05B	Anxiolytics	268	19.1	14	1.5	3.3	2.758	<.0001	15.772	9.142	27.211
N05C	Hypnotics and sedatives	401	28.5	25	2.7	5.0	2.691	<.0001	14.745	9.737	22.328
N06A	Antidepressants	536	38.1	21	2.3	5.8	3.284	<.0001	26.689	17.079	41.708
N06B	Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics	24	1.7	1	0.1	1.2	2.321^c	<.0001	10.185	2.638	91.469
N06D	Anti-dementia drugs	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.005	–	–	–	–	–
N07B	Drugs used in addictive disorders^d	23	1.6	3	0.3	0.6	1.533^c	.002	4.632	1.697	17.374
N07X	Other nervous system drugs	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.02	–	–	–	–	–

(–) Statistical test not applicable.

^a Weighted estimate as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.

^b Patients > healthy controls.

^c Statistical estimates calculated using Firth’s procedure.

^d Remedies for nicotine, alcohol and opioid addiction.

Table 3. Prescriptions of somatic medications (non-ATC-N) the year before inclusion in TOP study.

		Prevalence					Test of difference^b
Non-ATC-N	Therapeutic indications	Patients		Healthy controls		Population estimate^a, %	B	p	OR	95% CI
		N	%	N	%					Lower	Upper
A02	Remedies for acid-related disorders	58	4.1	28	3.0	6.2	0.350	.136	1.420	0.896	2.249
A03	Remedies for functional gastrointestinal disorders	25	1.8	7	0.8	1.2	0.805	.062	2.237	0.960	5.213
A05	Bile and liver therapy	0	0.0	1	0.1	0.05	−1.547^c	.307	0.213	0.001	4.100
A07	Antidiarrheal, intestinal antiseptics and anti-inflammatory drugs	13	0.9	4	0.1	1.2	0.643^c	.220	1.902	0.695	6.303
A08	Anti-obesity agents, excluding dietary supplements	12	0.9	6	0.7	0.1	0.243	.629	1.275	0.475	3.422
A10	Drugs for diabetes treatment	24	1.7	0	0.0	1.7	3.499^c	<.0001	33.082	4.604	4200.67
B01	Antithrombotic agents	21	1.5	5	0.5	2.1	1.071	.034	2.918	1.083	7.864
C01	Cardiac therapy	2	0.1	6	0.7	0.6	−1.283^c	.067	0.277	0.051	1.093
C02	Antihypertensives	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.07	–	–	–	–	–
C03	Diuretics	16	1.1	4	0.4	0.6	0.859^c	.087	2.360	0.890	7.706
C05	Vasoprotectors	16	1.1	16	1.7	1.2	−0.438	.221	0.645	0.320	1.301
C07	Beta blockers	22	1.6	5	0.5	1.8	1.120	.025	3.064	1.152	8.153
C08	Calcium antagonists	12	0.9	4	0.4	1.0	0.542^c	.316	1.7194	0.610	5.783
C09	Agents having an effect on the renin–angiotensin system	25	1.8	15	1.6	3.0	0.116	.729	1.123	0.581	2.170
C10	Lipid modifiers	25	1.8	5	0.5	2.4	1.259	.012	3.523	1.319	9.407
H02	Corticosteroids for systemic use	30	2.1	33	3.6	3.3	−0.530	.039	0.589	0.356	0.974
H03	Thyroid therapy	46	3.3	2	0.2	2.4	2.532^c	<.0001	12.578	4.246	61.191
L02	Endocrine therapy	0	0.0	3	0.3	0.3	−2.366^c	.046	0.0938	0.001	0.967
L03	Immuno-stimulants	0	0.0	0	0.0	0.08	–	–	–	–	–
L04	Immuno-suppressants	4	0.3	3	0.3	1.0	−0.123^c	.863	0.8842	0.215	3.963
M01	Anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic drugs	193	13.7	141	15.3	16.5	−0.121	.316	0.886	0.698	1.123
M02	Topical preparations for muscle and joint pain	8	0.6	11	1.2	1.1	−0.727^c	.108	0.4833	0.191	1.172
M03	Muscle relaxants	16	1.1	2	0.2	0.2	1.508^c	.009	4.5176	1.408	22.760
M04	Gout remedies	1	0.1	2	0.2	0.3	−0.814^c	.423	0.4430	0.040	3.357
M05	Agents for the treatment of bone diseases	3	0.2	1	0.1	0.1	0.492^c	.604	1.6355	0.269	16.877
R03	Remedies for obstructive pulmonary disease	84	6.0	43	4.7	5.8	0.277	.151	1.319	0.904	1.925

^a Weighted estimate as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.

^b Patients > healthy controls.

^c Statistical estimates calculated using Firth’s procedure.

Table 4. Prescriptions of somatic medications (non-ATC-N) the year after inclusion in TOP study.

		Prevalence					Test of difference^b
Non-ATC-N	Therapeutic indications	Patients		Healthy controls		Population estimate^a, %	B	p	OR	95% CI
		N	%	N	%					Lower	Upper
A02	Remedies for acid-related disorders	81	5.8	33	3.6	6.2	0.544	.010	1.723	1.137	2.611
A03	Remedies for functional gastrointestinal disorders	28	2.0	7	0.8	1.2	0.957	.024	2.605	1.131	6.000
A05	Bile and liver therapy	0	0.0	1	0.1	0.05	−1.438^c	.334	0.2374	0.002	4.380
A07	Antidiarrheal, intestinal antiseptics and anti-inflammatory drugs	14	1.0	4	0.4	1.2	0.777^c	.128	2.1749	0.810	7.142
A08	Anti-obesity agents, excluding dietary supplements	11	0.8	8	0.9	0.1	−0.127	.786	0.881	0.352	2.204
A10	Drugs for diabetes treatment	31	2.2	0	0.0	1.7	3.759^c	<.0001	42.905	6.050	5437.09
B01	Antithrombotic agents	30	2.1	8	0.9	2.1	0.927	.022	2.526	1.142	5.585
C01	Cardiac therapy	3	0.2	7	0.8	0.6	−1.159^c	.062	0.3137	0.076	1.058
C02	Antihypertensives	0	0.0	1	0.1	0.07	−1.440^c	.334	0.236	0.002	4.384
C03	Diuretics	19	1.4	3	0.3	0.6	1.277^c	.013	3.585	1.280	13.626
C05	Vasoprotectors	18	1.3	10	1.1	1.2	0.166	.678	1.180	0.540	2.577
C07	Beta blockers	31	2.2	9	1.0	1.8	0.884	.021	2.422	1.144	5.126
C08	Calcium antagonists	14	1.0	4	0.4	1.0	0.737^c	.159	2.089	0.761	6.945
C09	Agents having an effect on the renin–angiotensin system	28	2.0	16	1.7	3.0	0.156	.632	1.169	0.617	2.214
C10	Lipid modifiers	34	2.4	8	0.9	2.4	1.127	.005	3.086	1.403	6.787
H02	Corticosteroids for systemic use	21	1.5	33	3.6	3.3	−0.873	.002	0.418	0.240	0.728
H03	Thyroid therapy	54	3.8	3	0.3	2.4	2.370^c	<.0001	10.697	4.150	39.017
L02	Endocrine therapy	1	0.1	3	0.3	0.3	−1.303^c	.160	0.2717	0.026	1.662
L03	Immuno-stimulants	2	0.1	1	0.1	0.08	0.178^c	.863	1.1948	0.155	13.210
L04	Immuno-suppressants	4	0.3	2	0.2	1.0	0.231^c	.768	1.259	0.277	7.265
M01	Anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic drugs	193	13.7	136	14.8	16.5	−0.061	.618	0.941	0.741	1.195
M02	Topical preparations for muscle and joint pain	12	0.9	3	0.3	1.1	0.909^c	.107	2.481	0.831	9.699
M03	Muscle relaxants	9	0.6	2	0.2	0.2	0.955^c	.146	2.598	0.735	13.613
M04	Gout remedies	1	0.1	1	0.1	0.3	−0.305^c	.793	0.737	0.059	9.134
M05	Agents for the treatment of bone diseases	2	0.1	1	0.1	0.1	0.399^c	.726	1.4903	0.071	8.125
R03	Remedies for obstructive pulmonary disease	93	6.6	57	6.2	5.8	0.088	.612	1.092	0.776	1.537

^a Weighted estimate as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.

^b Patients > healthy controls.

^c Statistical estimates calculated using Firth’s procedure.