Cross-cultural measurement validation: an analysis of dissent, workplace freedom of speech, and perceived immediacy

Figures & data

Table 1. Participants.

		Australia	Canada	New Zealand	U.S.
n		195	440	383	639
Gender	Male	97	186	176	292
	Female	98	253	207	341
Ethnicity	White	163	254	205	439
	Asian	18	20	54	40
	Black	14	47	-	87
	Hispanic	-	12	-	39
	Mixed	-	12	-	20
	Native American	-	4	-	12
	Māori or Aboriginal	-	-	79	-
	Arab	-	28	4	2
	Pacific Islander	-	-	29	-
	Other	-	-	12	-
	Indian	-	63	-	-
Average Age		34.24 (SD = 13.02)	33.18 (SD = 11.81)	40.23 (SD = 13.66)	35.38 (SD = 14.87)

Table 2. Descriptives.

	Range	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis
Articulated Dissent	1.00–5.00	2.77	0.71	0.19	−0.17
Latent Dissent	1.00–5.00	2.85	0.70	0.14	0.01
Perceived Immediacy	1.00–7.00	3.23	1.50	0.38	−0.42
Workplace Freedom of Speech	1.00–5.00	3.11	1.16	−0.33	−0.65
Workplace Freedom of Speech Reduced	1.00–5.00	3.05	1.17	−0.23	−0.78

Table 3. Fit statistics.

	GFI	CFI	RMSEA	SRMR
Articulated Dissent	0.78	0.48	0.19	0.14
Latent Dissent	0.92	0.81	0.12	0.07
Workplace Freedom Original	0.58	0.63	0.3	0.14
Workplace Freedom Reduced	.93	.93	.19	.05
Perceived Immediacy	0.92	0.96	0.12	0.03

Table 4. Correlation matrices.

		1	2	3	4
Australia	1. Articulated Dissent
	2. Latent Dissent	0.09*
	3. Workplace Freedom Original	−0.03	−0.05
	4. Workplace Freedom Reduced	−0.02	−0.04	0.99**
	5. Perceived Immediacy	0.03	0.06	0.04	0.05
Canada	1. Articulated Dissent
	2. Latent Dissent	0.11*
	3. Workplace Freedom Original	−0.003	0.02
	4. Workplace Freedom Reduced	0.002	0.01	0.99**
	5. Perceived Immediacy	0.04	−0.02	0.04	0.04
New Zealand	1. Articulated Dissent
	2. Latent Dissent	−0.29**
	3. Workplace Freedom Original	0.06	−0.05
	4. Workplace Freedom Reduced	0.03	−0.07	0.94**
	5. Perceived Immediacy	0.02	0.1	0.07	0.07
U.S.	1. Articulated Dissent
	2. Latent Dissent	0.09*
	3. Workplace Freedom Original	−0.03	−0.05
	4. Workplace Freedom Reduced	−0.02	−0.04	0.99**
	5. Perceived Immediacy	0.03	0.06	0.04	0.05

*p < .05, **p < .001.