A comparison of the relationship between extraversion and argumentativeness in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

Figures & data

Table 1. Participant demographics.

Australia (n = 212)
Variable		n	M	SD
Sex
	Male	101 (47.6%)
	Female	111 (52.4%)
Age			33.87	13.03
Highest Educational Level
	High School	107 (50.5%)
	2-year Degree	42 (19.8%)
	4-year Degree	39 (18.4%)
	Post-Graduate	24 (11.23
Race/Ethnicity
	White	178 (84%)
	Asian	20 (9.4%)
	Aboriginal	14 (6.6%)
Canada (n = 425)
Variable		n	M	SD
Sex
	Male	195 (45.9%)
	Female	230 (54.1%)
Age			33.39	11.76
Highest Educational Level
	High School	54 (12.7%)
	2-year Degree	100 (23.5%)
	4-year Degree	181 (42.6%)
	Post-Graduate	90 (21.2%)
Race/Ethnicity
	White	241 (56.7%)
	Indian	59 (13.9%)
	Black	50 (11.8%)
	Arab	28 (6.6%)
	Other	28 (6.6%)
	Asian	20 (4.7%)
New Zealand (n = 453)
Variable		n	M	SD
Sex
	Male	215 (47.5%)
	Female	238 (52.5%)
Age			39.68	13.59
Highest Educational Level
	High School	214 (47.2%)
	2-year Degree	69 (15.2%)
	4-year Degree	125 (27.6%)
	Post-Graduate	45 (9.9%)
Race/Ethnicity
	White	259 (57.2%)
	Māori	79 (17.4%)
	Asian	70 (15.5%)
	Pacific Islander	29 (6.4%)
	Other	16 (3.5%)
United States (n = 879)
Variable		n	M	SD
Sex
	Male	396 (45.1%)
	Female	477 (54.3%)
	Other	6 (.7%)
Age			32.16	14.36
Highest Educational Level
	High School	598 (68%)
United States (n = 879)
Variable		n	M	SD
	2-year Degree	88 (10%)
	4-year Degree	134 (15.2%)
	Post-Graduate	59 (6.8%)
Race/Ethnicity
	White	614 (69.9%)
	Black	120 (13.7%)
	Asian	53 (6%)
	Hispanic	45 (5.1%)
	Other	47 (5.3%)

Table 2. Means, standard deviations, and correlations for study variables.

AustraliaVariable	(1)	(2)	(3)	M	SD
(1) ApproachARG^bde	-			3.16	.90
(2) Avoid ARG^gij	−.41**	-		3.19	.87
(3) Extraversion^mn	.40**	−.13*	-	3.13	1.04
Canada Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	M	SD
(1) ApproachARG^ce	-			3.50	.80
(2) AvoidARG^h	−.40**	-		2.82	.87
(3) Extraversion^ln	.06	.02	-	2.76	.90
New Zealand Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	M	SD
(1) ApproachARG^acd	-			2.73	.69
(2) AvoidARG^fhij	−.38**	-		3.45	.66
(3) Extraversion^km	.27**	−.16**	-	2.67	.92
United States Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	M	SD
(1) ApproachARG^ab	-			3.51	.90
(2) AvoidARG^fg	−.52**	-		2.85	1.00
(3) Extraversion^kl	.55**	-.29**	-	3.33	1.19

Note: *p < .05, **p < .001. Superscripts indicate significant mean differences based on Games-Howell post-hoc analysis (p < .001). For example, superscript (^b) indicates a significant mean difference between Australia and the U.S. on tendency to approach an argument.