Epidemiology of Renal and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Toba Aborigines

Figures & data

Table 1 Subject characteristics

Number in study	385
Male	139 (36.1%)
Age, years	36.1 ± 16.5
Age, range	14–91
Hypertension	97 (25.2%)
Proteinuria	84 (21.8%)
CKD	93 (24.2%)
Stage 1	26 (6.8%)
Stage 2	46 (12%)
Stage 3	21 (5.5%)
BMI, kg/m^2	26.5 ± 5.5
Range	15.2–46.9
<20	32 (8.3%)
20–24	142 (36.9%)
25–29	129 (33.5%)
≥30	82 (21.3%)
Central obesity	190 (49.4%)
Diabetes mellitus	8 (2.1%)

Note. N in brackets indicates percentages. Variance is given as standard deviation unless other value is indicated.

Table 2 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors prevalence (95% CI) according to age, gender, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage

	N	Diabetes	Arterial hypertension	Obesity	Central obesity	Proteinuria	CKD
Women	246	2.4 (0.9–4.4)	23.6 (18.4–29.4)	32.1 (26.3–38.3)	63.4 (57.1–69.4)	23.2 (18.1–29.0)	25.6 (20.3–31.5)
< 25	73	0	0	28.7 (18.8–40.6)	35.6 (24.8–47.7)	11.0 (4.9–20.5)	11.0 (4.9–20.5)
25–44	110	0.9 (0.0– 5.0)	19.1 (12.2–27.7)	33.6 (24.9–43.3)	66.4 (56.7–75.1)	16.4 (10.0–24.6)	17.3 (10.7–25.7)
45–64	43	7.0 (1.5–19.1)	51.1 (35.5–66.7)	39.5 (25.0–55.6)	88.4 (74.9–96.1)	53.5 (37.7–68.8)	55.8 (39.9–70.9)
≥ 65	20	10.0 (1.2–37.7)	75.0 (50.9–91.3)	20.0 (5.7–43.7)	95.0 (75.1–99.9)	40.0 (19.1–64.0)	60.0 (36.1–80.9)
Men	139	1.4 (0.2– 5.1)	28.1 (20.8–36.3)	36.0 (28.0–44.5)	24.5 (17.6–32.5)	19.4 (13.2–27.0)	21.6 (15.1–29.4)
< 25	36	0	2.8 (0.1–14.5)	13.9 (4.7–29.5)	2.8 (0.1–14.5)	13.9 (4.7–29.5)	13.9 (4.7–29.5)
25–44	59	0	23.7 (13.6–36.6)	42.4 (29.6–55.9)	27.1 (16.4–40.3)	8.5 (2.8–18.7)	8.5 (2.8–18.7)
45–64	35	5.7 (0.7–19.2)	48.6 (31.4–66.0)	45.7 (28.8–63.4)	45.7 (28.8–63.4)	37.1 (21.5–55.1)	42.9 (26.3– 60.7)
≥ 65	9	0	77.8 (40.0–97.2)	44.4 (13.7–78.8)	11.1 (0.3–48.3)	44.4 (13.7–78.8)	55.6 (21.2–86.3)
All	385	2.1 0.9–4.1	25.2 20.9–29.8	33.5 28.8–38.5	49.4 44.3–54.5	21.8 17.8–26.3	24.2 20.0–28.8
< 25	109	0	0.9 0.0–5.0	23.9 16.2–33.0	24.8 17.0–34.0	11.9 6.5–19.5	11.9 6.5–19.5
25–44	169	0.6 0.0–3.3	20.7 14.9–27.6	36.7 29.4–44.4	52.7 44.9–60.4	13.6 8.8–19.7	14.2 9.3–20.4
45–64	78	6.4 2.1–14.3	50.0 38.5–61.5	42.3 31.2–54.0	69.2 57.8–79.2	46.2 34.8–57.8	50.0 38.5–61.5
≥ 65	29	6.9 0.9–22.8	75.9 56.5–89.7	27.6 12.7–47.2	69.0 49.2–84.7	41.4 23.5–61.6	58.6 38.9–76.5
CKD:
No	292	0.3 0.0–1.9	18.2 13.9–23.1	33.9 28.5–39.7	45.6 39.7–51.5	0
Yes	93	7.5 3.1–14.9	47.3 36.9–57.9	32.3 22.9–42.8	61.3 50.6–71.2	90.3 82.4–95.5
Stage 1	26	3.9 0.1–19.6	15.4 4.4–34.9	23.1 9.0–43.7	30.8 14.3–51.8	100
Stage 2	46	8.7 2.4–20.8	52.2 37.0–67.1	37.0 23.2–52.5	73.9 58.9–85.7	100
Stage 3	21	9.5 1.2–30.4	76.2 52.8–91.8	33.3 14.6–57.0	71.4 47.8–88.7	57.1 34.0–78.2

Age trends: all p < 0.01 except obesity for females (p = 0.80) and diabetes mellitus Type 2 for males (p = 0.15), using Cochran-Armitage test for trend.

Gender: no significant differences (p > 0.20) except central obesity, with p < 0.0001, using Fisher's exact test.

CKD: all p < 0.01 for Yes/No (Fisher's exact test) and for trend over stages (Cochran-Armitage test) except obesity (p > 0.80).

Table 3 Prevalence of proteinuria with and without hypertension according to CKD stage

	All CKD	Stage1	Stage2	Stage3	Trend (p value)
Proteinuria without hypertension	50.4%	84.6%	47.8%	14.3%	<0.0001
Proteinuria and hypertension	39.8%	15.4%	52.2%	42.9%	0.04

Table 4 Adjusted relative risk of proteinuria for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors

Risk factor	Adjusted relative risk (RR)	95% CI for RR	p value
Female	1.37	0.89–2.11	0.15
Hypertension	1.46	0.97–2.20	0.07
Obesity	0.75	0.51–1.09	0.13
Central obesity	0.84	0.53–1.33	0.46
Age^†
25–44	1.14	0.60–2.19	0.69
45–64	3.84	2.04–7.23	<0.0001
≥65	2.79	1.30–5.97	0.008

*Adjusted mutually for other factors in this table.

^†Relative to age < 25 years.

Figure 1 Prevalence of renal and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Toba aborigines.

Figure 2 Prevalence of CKD in Toba aborigines.