Safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic renal biopsy: a single-center review and meta-analysis

Figures & data

Table 1. The clinical characteristics of patients.

Number	Sex	Age	Scr (μmol/L)	Albumin (g/L)	BP (mmHg)	BMI (kg/m^2)	Indications for LRB
1	male	48	496	22.2	179/114	28.7	Uncontrolled hypertension, poor renal structure
2	male	41	584	33.5	176/109	32.0	Poor renal structure
3	male	25	165	42.4	140/107	24.0	Uncontrolled hypertension
4	male	76	555.3	45.0	154/93	17.2	Abnormal coagulation
5	female	43	56.3	33.7	136/81	43.8	Morbid obesity
6	female	70	52.3	34.3	135/81	43.7	Morbid obesity
7	male	52	959	38.8	142/115	23.8	Poor renal structure
8	male	47	304.2	43.0	189/128	28.6	Uncontrolled hypertension
9	female	64	127	44.4	115/73	26.8	Poor renal structure
10	male	67	234.6	42.5	135/75	27.0	Poor renal structure
11	male	67	155.1	26.4	125/80	20.8	Abnormal coagulation
12	male	44	644.9	25.8	156/119	22.0	Poor renal structure
13	female	42	323	48.5	144/98	22.8	Poor renal structure
14	male	19	129	13.3	181/95	42.6	Morbid obesity

Abbreviations: Scr: Serum creatinine, BP: Blood pressure, BMI: Body mass index, LRB: Laparoscopic renal biopsy.

Table 2. Pathological diagnosis of patients.

Pathological diagnosis	Number
Minimal change disease	1
IgA nephropathy	1
Membranous nephropathy	2
Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis	1
Diabetic nephropathy	1
Hypertensive nephropathy	2
Acute interstitial nephritis	1
Tubulointerstitial nephritis	1
Diabetic nephropathy with hypertensive nephropathy	1
IgA nephropathy with tubulointerstitial nephritis	2
Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis with diabetic nephropathy and tubulointerstitial nephritis	1

Figure 1. The hemoglobin levels, serum creatinine levels and urinary NAGL levels before and after the operation. The mean preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin of patients were 113.4 ± 24.1 g/L and 108.0 ± 27.9 g/L, respectively (B). The median preoperative and postoperative serum creatinine of patients were 304.2 (141.1, 569.7) μmol/L and 325.0 (171.6, 549.5) μmol/L, respectively (A). The median preoperative and postoperative urinary NAGL were 213.6 (52, 391.8) ng/ml and 192.1 (60.0, 325.0) ng/ml, respectively (C).

Figure 2. PRISMA flow chart of the literature search. PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes.

Table 3. Clinical characteristics and quality assessment of the included records.

First author, Year, Ref	Country	Study type	N	Male	Female	Age	Quality score
Gaur et al. 1994 [22]	India	Retrospective	17	10	7	10–57	6
Chen et al. 1997 [23]	USA	Retrospective	8	3	5	29–80	5
Gimenez et al. 1998 [7]	USA	Retrospective	32	11	21	3–79	5
Gupta et al. 2000 [24]	USA	Case report	3	2	1	47–66	3
Takeda et al. 2000 [25]	Japan	Letter	11	5	6	2–15	5
Caione et al. 2000 [26]	Italy	Retrospective	20	11	9	2–18	5
Shetye et al. 2003 [8]	USA	Retrospective	74	29	45	3–79	6
Luque et al. 2006 [27]	Spain	Retrospective	53	28	25	1–18	6
Jesus et al. 2007 [14]	Brazil	Retrospective	17	5	12	2–12	6
Anas et al. 2008 [28]	Japan	Retrospective	21	14	7	21–83	5
Acikgöz et al. 2008 [29]	Turkey	Retrospective	9	5	4	/	4
Bastos et al. 2009 [30]	Brazil	Letter	5	/	/	1–13	3
Repetto et al. 2011 [31]	Italy	Retrospective	40	/	/	/	7
Micali et al. 2014 [32]	Italy	Retrospective	14	10	4	18–80	5
Aoun et al. 2019 [15]	Lebanon	Retrospective	40	16	24	20–77	8
Zou et al. 2023 [16]	China	Retrospective	104	71	33	23–76	7

Figure 3. The success rate of operation analyzed through the common effect model. The success rate of operation was 99.9%.

Figure 4. The satisfactory rate of sample analyzed through the common effect model. The satisfactory rate of sample was 99.1%.

Figure 5. The complication rate of surgery analyzed through the common effect model. The complication rate of surgery was 2.6%.

Table 4. The types and number of surgical complications of different studies.

First author, Year, Ref	Total, n	Complications, n	Detailed complications (n)
Gaur et al. 1994 [22]	17	2	Bleeding (1), gross hematuria (1).
Chen et al. 1997 [23]	8	0	/
Gimenez et al. 1998 [7]	32	3	Inadvertent spleen biopsy (1), bleeding (1), death (1).
Gupta et al. 2000 [24]	3	0	/
Takeda et al. 2000 [25]	11	0	/
Caione et al. 2000 [26]	19	1	Peritoneal tear (1).
Shetye et al. 2003 [8]	74	10	Bleeding (3), initial biopsy of non-renal tissue (2), seromuscular bowel injury (1), death (1), deep venous thrombosis (1), pulmonary edema (1), hyperkalaemia (1).
Luque et al. 2006 [27]	53	1	Bleeding (1).
Jesus et al. 2007 [14]	15	3	Peritoneal tear (1), perirenal hematoma (1), peritoneum was opened and the open biopsy was performed (1).
Anas et al. 2008 [28]	21	1	Hernia (1).
Acikgöz et al. 2008 [29]	9	0	/
Bastos et al. 2009 [30]	5	0	/
Repetto et al. 2011 [31]	40	3	Post biopsy renal bleeding (1), minor bleeding from the port site (2).
Micali et al. 2014 [32]	14	0	/
Aoun et al. 2019 [15]	40	0	/
Zou et al. 2023 [16]	104	2	Disseminated intravascular coagulation (1), injury at the hilum of the kidney (1).

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Data availability statement

The datasets used in this work are accessible upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.