Assessment of urine CCL2 as a potential diagnostic biomarker for acute kidney injury and septic acute kidney injury in intensive care unit patients

Figures & data

Table 1. Patients’ clinical characteristics.

Parameter	Total cohort	Control (non-sepsis non-AKI)	Sepsis	Non-septic AKI	Septic AKI
Group size (n)	216	27	60	66	63
Age (years; mean ± SD)	67 ± 7	66 ± 6	65 ± 7	68 ± 8	67 ± 7
Gender (% male)	107 (50%)	14 (52%)	32 (53%)	31 (47%)	30 (48%)
APACHE II Score (mean ± SD)	20 ± 5	17 ± 3	20 ± 4	19 ± 5	24 ± 5
Baseline serum creatinine level (µmol/L; mean ± SD)	57.97 ± 5.04	57.33 ± 4.87	57.78 ± 4.91	57.97 ± 5.22	58.42 ± 5.13
Serum CRP level (mg/L; mean ± SD)	111.69 ± 29.51	85.37 ± 15.25	111.28 ± 23.28	98.47 ± 21.82	137.19 ± 27.54
Smoking (n and %)	140 (65%)	17 (63%)	39 (65%)	43 (65%)	41 (65%)
Alcohol abuse (n and %)	59 (27%)	7 (26%)	17 (28%)	18 (27%)	17 (27%)
Use of diuretics (n and %)	145 (67%)	16 (59%)	35 (58%)	45 (68%)	49 (78%)
Underlying conditions
Penumonia (n and %)	82 (38%)	1 (4%)	25 (42%)	28 (42%)	28 (44%)
COPD (n and %)	55 (25%)	6 (22%)	15 (25%)	17 (26%)	17 (27%)
Cardiac disease (coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure; n and %)	94 (44%)	11 (41%)	28 (47%)	27 (41%)	28 (44%)
Diabetes mellitus (n and %)	55 (26%)	6 (22%)	16 (27%)	16 (24%)	17 (27%)
Hypertension (n and %)	114 (53%)	14 (52%)	34 (57%)	32 (48%)	34 (54%)
Cancer (n and %)	43 (20%)	1 (4%)	11 (18%)	13 (20%)	18 (29%)
Reason for hospitalization
Pneumonia (n and %)	76 (35%)	1 (4%)	22 (37%)	27 (41%)	26 (41%)
COPD attack (n and %)	25 (12%)	5 (19%)	8 (13%)	7 (11 %)	5 (8%)
Congestive heart failure (n and %)	27 (13%)	6 (22%)	6 (10%)	8 (12%)	7 (11%)
Acute coronary syndrome (n and %)	28 (13%)	5 (19%)	9 (15%)	6 (9%)	8 (13%)
Restrictive pulmonary disease (n and %)	17 (8%)	4 (15%)	3 (5%)	4 (6%)	6 (10%)
Pulmonary thromboembolism (n and %)	11 (5%)	2 (7%)	3 (5%)	3 (5%)	3 (5%)
Bronchiectasis (n and %)	9 (4%)	3 (11%)	2 (3%)	3 (5%)	1 (2%)
Cancer (n and %)	23 (11%)	1 (4%)	7 (12%)	8 (12%)	7 (11%)
Serum CCL2 at hospital admission (pg/mL; mean ± SD)	209.67 ± 80.79	192.14 ± 64.89	215.52 ± 96.78	203.62 ± 72.90	217.95 ± 78.17
Serum CCL2 at ICU admission (pg/mL; mean ± SD)	334.95 ± 129.34	263.68 ± 119.69	322.14 ± 85.51	336.75 ± 116.05	375.82 ± 163.88
Urine CCL2 at hospital admission (ng/mmol creatinine; mean ± SD)	2.32 ± 2.73	1.51 ± 1.91	2.07 ± 2.39	2.71 ± 3.07	2.50 ± 2.92
Urine CCL2 at ICU admission (ng/mmol creatinine; mean ± SD)	43.95 ± 97.03	1.25 ± 0.88	12.13 ± 20.22	32.57 ± 42.72	104.47 ± 157.19
White blood cells (WBC; ×10^9 counts/L)	16.66 ± 8.69	14.81 ± 8.58	17.61 ± 7.77	14.59 ± 8.35	18.35 ± 9.58
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)	11.20 ± 6.51	8.08 ± 4.23	12.89 ± 6.56	8.95 ± 4.93	13.27 ± 7.52

Figure 1. Plasma and urine CCL2 levels between AKI and non-AKI patients at hospital and ICU admission. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ^****p < 0.0001.

Figure 2. The predictive performance of urine CCL2 for AKI by ROC analysis. (A) ROC curve. (B) AUC and prediction sensitivity and specificity.

Figure 3. Plasma and urine CCL2 levels between SAKI and non-septic AKI patients at hospital and ICU admission. ***p < 0.001.

Figure 4. The predictive performance of urine CCL2 for SAKI by ROC analysis. (A) ROC curve. (B) AUC and prediction sensitivity and specificity.

Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.