The association between monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and chronic kidney disease in a Chinese adult population: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Figure 1. The flowchart of the study.

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the population by MHR quartiles.

Characteristic	Total	Quartiles of MHR				p value
		Q1 (< 0.1769)	Q2 (≥0.1769 and <0.2453)	Q3 (≥0.2453 and∼ <0.3383)	Q4 (≥0.3383)
Number, n (%)	232,775 (100.0)	58,213 (25.0)	58,262 (25.0)	58,079 (25.0)	58,221 (25.0)
Demographics
Age (years)	58.39 ± 14.35	59.65 ± 13.26	58.57 ± 14.01	58.12 ± 14.55	57.21 ± 15.37	<.001
Male, n (%)	104,596 (44.9)	19,301 (33.2)	22,722 (39.0)	27,009 (46.5)	35,564 (61.1)	<.001
Metabolic variables
Waist circumference (cm)
Men	83.00 ± 6.81	82.39 ± 6.74	82.80 ± 6.77	82.99 ± 6.83	83.47 ± 6.82	<.001
Woman	80.32 ± 7.26	80.15 ± 7.11	80.16 ± 7.29	80.39 ± 7.26	80.79 ± 7.45	<.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.68 ± 3.02	24.12 ± 2.94	24.46 ± 2.93	24.81 ± 2.98	25.33 ± 3.11	<.001
SBP (mmHg)	130.14 ± 15.97	129.05 ± 15.76	129.64 ± 15.87	130.53 ± 16.15	131.34 ± 15.98	<.001
DBP (mmHg)	78.88 ± 9.49	78.01 ± 9.34	78.55 ± 9.29	79.16 ± 9.44	79.81 ± 9.78	<.001
FBG (mmol/L)	5.78 ± 1.90	5.58 ± 1.72	5.68 ± 1.77	5.82 ± 1.91	6.04 ± 2.13	<.001
SUA (μmol/L)	317.26 ± 88.63	291.60 ± 79.13	307.52 ± 83.37	323.38 ± 87.13	348.10 ± 94.64	<.001
total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.99 ± 1.00	5.08 ± 0.98	5.04 ± 0.98	4.98 ± 0.99	4.86 ± 1.04	<.001
triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.46 (1.01,2.15)	1.27 (0.90,1.82)	1.37 (0.97,1.97)	1.51 (1.06,2.20)	1.79 (1.22,2.64)	<.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.70 ± 0.81	2.68 ± 0.79	2.74 ± 0.81	2.74 ± 0.81	2.64 ± 0.82	<.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.34 ± 0.36	1.61 ± 0.40	1.41 ± 0.28	1.27 ± 0.25	1.09 ± 0.24	<.001
Complete blood count
WBC (10^9/L)	6.05 ± 1.79	5.07 ± 1.48	5.68 ± 1.55	6.23 ± 1.48	7.21 ± 1.90	<.001
Hemoglobin (g/L)	137.03 ± 17.02	132.58 ± 15.78	135.54 ± 16.24	137.98 ± 16.82	142.01 ± 17.75	<.001
Platelet (10^9/L)	178.73 ± 62.09	162.51 ± 56.17	174.33 ± 58.99	182.99 ± 61.10	195.12 ± 66.96	<.001
Kidney function
Scr (μmol/L)	67.92 ± 18.31	63.35 ± 16.01	66.08 ± 16.58	68.85 ± 18.02	73.40 ± 20.73	<.001
eGFR (ml·min^−1·(1.73 m^2)^−1)	93.60 ± 18.11	94.91 ± 16.76	94.17 ± 17.38	93.21 ± 18.25	92.11 ± 19.78	<.001
Proteinuria, n (%)
Neg/Trace	219,756 (94.4)	55,769 (95.8)	55,358 (95.0)	54,812 (94.4)	53,817 (92.4)	<.001
1+	8522 (3.7)	1654 (2.8)	1887 (3.2)	2155 (3.7)	2826 (4.9)
≥2+	4497 (1.9)	790 (1.4)	1017 (1.7)	1112 (1.9)	1578 (2.7)

Values are mean ± SD for normally distributed data and median and interquartile range for skewed distributed data, or n (%) for categorical variables.

BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Scr: Serum creatinine; SUA: serum uric acid; WBC: white blood cell.

Figure 2. Prevalence of CKD according to the quartile of MHR. The prevalence of CKD according to the quartiles of MHR was shown in different colored bars (dark blue: CKD stage G1, brown: CKD stage G2, gray: CKD stage G3, light blue: CKD stage G4). MHR: monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; CKD: chronic kidney disease.

Table 2. Univariate logistic analysis of the relationships between the other variables and CKD.

Variables	Effect size(β)	OR (95%CI)	p value
Gender
Male	Ref
Female	−0.008	0.992 (0.964,1.021)	.586
Age (per-1 year increase)	0.038	1.039 (1.038,1.040)	<.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.047	1.048 (1.043,1.053)	<.001
Central obesity
No	Ref
Yes	0.132	1.141 (1.109,1.174)	<.001
SBP (mmHg)	0.020	1.020 (1.020,1.021)	<.001
DBP (mmHg)	0.023	1.024 (1.022,1.025)	<.001
SUA (μmol/L)	0.005	1.005 (1.005,1.005)	<.001
FBG (mmol/L)	0.132	1.414 (1.135,1.148)	<.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	0.085	1.089 (1.074,1.104)	<.001
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	0.093	1.098 (1.089,1.107)	<.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	−0.040	0.961 (0.944,0.978)	<.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	−0.312	0.732 (0.702,0.763)	<.001
WBC (10^9/L)	0.110	1.117 (1.108,1.125)	<.001
Hemoglobin (g/L)	−0.007	0.993 (0.992,0.994)	<.001
Platelet (10^9/L)	−0.001	0.999 (0.999,1.000)	<.001
Monocyte(10^9/L)	1.748	5.742 (5.241,6.291)	<.001
MHR (per-1 SD increase)	0.236	1.266 (1.250,1.281)	<.001

BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG: fasting blood glucose; WBC: white blood cell; SUA: serum uric acid; MHR: monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.

Table 3. Multivariate logistic analysis of the association between MHR (per-1 SD increase) and the presence of CKD, low eGFR, and proteinuria.

	CKD		Low eGFR		Proteinuria
	OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value
Model 1	1.266(1.250,1.281)	<.001	1.293(1.273,1.314)	<.001	1.227(1.210,1.245)	<.001
Model 2	1.310(1.293,1.326)	<.001	1.362(1.338,1.386)	<.001	1.224(1.206,1.243)	<.001
Model 3	1.206(1.186,1.225)	<.001	1.289(1.260,1.319)	<.001	1.150(1.129,1.171)	<.001

Model 1: No variables were adjusted. Model 2: Age and gender were adjusted. Model 3: Age, gender, BMI, FBS, SBP, DBP, TC, SUA, TG, central obesity, WBC, platelet, hemoglobin, and LDL-C were adjusted. ORs reflected the associations between MHR (per 1SD increase) and different indicators of kidney damage.

MHR: monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Figure 3. The odds ratio (95% CI) of MHR (per 1 SD increase) for CKD in subgroups. The odds ratio (95% CI) of per 1 SD increase of MHR for CKD, were adjusted for age, gender, BMI, FBS, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, SUA, triglyceride, central obesity (yes or no), Hb, WBC, PLT, and LDL-C. *represents statistical significance after the Bonferroni Correction.

Data availability statement

The datasets used in this work are accessible upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.