Influenza virus in wild birds and mammals other than man

Figures & data

Table I.  A summary of influenza A virus pandemics and the time periods when different subtypes have circulated in the human population during the last centuries [2], [15], [37], [38].

Pandemic name	Time period	Subtype	Estimated mortality (initial outbreak)
Russian flu	1889–1892	H2N2?	6 million
	1898–1900?	H3N2 or H3N8?	0.5 million
Spanish flu	1918–1957	H1N1	>50 million
Asian flu	1957–1968	H2N2	4 million
Hong Kong flu	1968–	H3N2	2 million
Russian (red) flu	1977–	H1N1	?

Table II.  Influenza A virus components and their main function.

Genome segment	Proteins coded	Main function
1	PB2	Subunit of RNA polymerase
2	PB1	Subunit of RNA polymerase
	PB1-F2	Induces cell death
3	PA	Subunit of RNA polymerase
4	HA	Viral attachment and membrane fusion
5	NP	Major structural component
6	NA	Release of new virions by preventing aggregation
7	M1	Facilitating migration of viral RNP in cell
	M2	Ion channel involved in uncoating of virus
8	NS1	Post-transcription modulation, interferon antagonist
	NS2 or NEP	Mediates nuclear export of vRNAs

Table

EID50	egg infectious dose 50
HA	hemagglutinin
HPAI	highly pathogenic avian influenza
IAV	influenza A virus
LPAI	low pathogenic avian influenza
M1	matrix protein
M2	membrane ion channel protein
NA	neuraminidase
NP	nucleoprotein
NS	non-structural protein
PA	polymerase A
PB1	polymerase B1
PB2	polymerase B2
RT-PCR	reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
vRNP	viral ribonucleoprotein

Table

English name	Scientific name
Arctic Tern	Sterna paradisaea
Barnacle Goose	Branta leucopsis
Black-headed Gull	Larus ridibundus
Brent Goose	Branta bernicla
Gadwall	Anas strepera
Common Eider	Somateria mollissima
Common Pochard	Aythya farina
Common Shelduck	Tadorna tadorna
Common Tern	Sterna hirundo
Eurasian Teal	Anas crecca
Eurasian Wigeon	Anas penelope
Goldeneye	Bucephala clangula
Greylag Goose	Anser anser
Guillemot	Uria aalge
Long-tailed Duck	Clangula hyemalis
Mallard	Anas platyrhyncos
Mute Swan	Cygnus olor
Northern Pintail	Anas acuta
Red-breasted Merganser	Mergus serrator
Tufted Duck	Aythya fuligula

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