Comparison of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Concentrations Generated by an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System and a Conventional Cigarette

Figures & data

TABLE 1  Environmentally-controlled room setting and smoking conditions^a

Simulation	Cigarette	Kind of Use	IAQ	Ventilation rate (m^3/h)	Number smokers	Total cigarettes	Cigarettes per smoker
1	EHCSS	Office	High	288	2	10	5
2	EHCSS	Office	Medium	180	2	10	5
3	EHCSS	Office	Low	72	2	10	5
4	EHCSS	Hospitality	Low	576	8	80	10
5	CC	Office	High	288	2	10	5
6	CC	Office	Medium	180	2	10	5
7	CC	Office	Low	72	2	10	5
8	CC	Hospitality	Low	576	8	80	10

^aAbbreviations: IAQ, Indoor air quality; EHCSS, electrically-heated cigarette smoking system; CC, conventional cigarette

FIG. 1  Layout of the environmentally controlled room, seating for occupants, and location of online and offline sampling equipment.

TABLE 2  Indoor air constituents measured online^a

Constituent	Instrument	Principle of detection	LOD	Precision
CO	Monitor Labs ML 9830 (Rhode & Schwarz, Cologne, Germany)	IR	0.2 ppm	± 0.1ppm
CO2	Finor 4N (Maihak, Hamburg, Germany)	IR	0.002 %	± 0.002 %
NO	ML 8840 (Monitor Labs GmbH, Allershausen, Germany)^b	Chemiluminescence	2 ppb	± 1 ppb
NO2	ML 8840 (Monitor Labs GmbH, Allershausen, Germany)^b	Chemiluminescence	2 ppb	± 1 ppb
RSPonline(calibrated with “Arizona road dust”)	RAM (MIE Inc., Bedford, MA, USA)	Light scattering	5 μg/m^3	± 20 μg/m^3

^aAbbreviations: CO, carbon monoxide, CO₂, carbon dioxide; IR, infra red; LOD, limit of detection; NO, nitric oxide; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; RSP, respirable suspended particles.

^bThe instrument failed in Simulation 4 and was replaced by another chemiluminescence instrument (NO/NO₂/NO_x Monitor, Model CDL 700 AL, Eco Physics GmbH, München, Germany). This instrument had characteristics similar to the ML 8840 monitor.

TABLE 3  Indoor air constituents measured offline^a

ETS constituent	Trap	Sampling flow rate (L/min)	Analytical method	LOD	Precision (%)
RSPgravimetric (ISO, 1998)	Filter	2.0	Gravimetric	5 μg/m^3	±3.7– 8.9
UVPM-THBP (Baek et al., 2004; ISO, 1998)			HPLC-UV	0.063 μg/m^3	±3.7– 6.5
FPM-scopoletin (Baek et al., 2004; ISO, 1998)			HPLC-FD	0.001 μg/m^3	±4.1– 5.1
Solanesol (Ogden et al., 1992)			HPLC-UV	0.1 μg/m^3	± 4.6
Nicotine (Craver-Gladstone et al., 2002; ISO, 2003)	XAD-4	1.0	GC-MS	0.005 μg/m^3	±2.5
3-Ethenylpyridine (Craver-Gladstone et al., 2002; ISO, 2003)				0.07 μg/m^3	±1.6
Formaldehyde (Kuwata et al., 1983)	DNPH-silica	1.2	HPLC-UV	0.09 μg/m^3	±4.9
Acetaldehyde (Kuwata et al., 1983)				0.04 μg/m^3	±3.3
Propionaldehyde (Kuwata et al., 1983)				0.11 μg/m^3	±1.5
Acrolein (Kuwata et al., 1983)				0.09 μg/m^3	±1.8
Crotonaldehyde (Kuwata et al., 1983)				0.30 μg/m^3	±3.8
1,3-Butadiene (NIOSH, 1994)	Activated charcoal	0.4	GC-MS	0.063 μg/m^3	±3.6
Benzene (NIOSH, 2003)		1.0	GC-MS	0.02 μg/m^3	±3.2
Toluene (NIOSH, 2003)				0.015 μg/m^3	±2.8
m-/p-Xylene (NIOSH, 2003)				0.015 μg/m^3	±2.2
o-Xylene (NIOSH, 2003)				0.015 μg/m^3	±1.5
NNK (Wu et al., 2003)	Filter (treated with Asc)	1.0	LC-MS/MS	0.6 ng/m^3	±3.1
NNN (Wu et al., 2003)				0.5 ng/m^3	±10.8
Phenanthrene (Chuang et al., 1991; Viau et al., 2000)	Filter + ORBO tubes	2.0	GC-MS	0.03 ng/m^3	±7.0
Pyrene (Chuang et al., 1991; Viau et al., 2000)				0.02 ng/m^3	±1.8
Benzo[a]pyrene (Chuang et al., 1991; Viau et al., 2000)				0.04 ng/m^3	±13.7
o-Toluidine (Grimmer et al., 1995; Palmiotto et al., 2001)	Liquid (5% HCl + methanol)	1.0	GC-MS	0.043 ng/m^3	±0.2
2-Amino naphthalene (Grimmer et al., 1995; Palmiotto et al., 2001)				0.002 ng/m^3	±6.8
4-Aminobiphenyl (Grimmer et al., 1995; Palmiotto et al., 2001)				0.003 ng/m^3	±5.2

^aAbbreviations: DNPH, dinitrophenylhydrazine; FPM-scopoletin, fluorescence-based particulate matter expressed as scopoletin equivalents; GC-MS, gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection; HPLC-FD, high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection; HPLC-UV, high pressure liquid chromatography with ultra violet detection; ISO, International Standards Organization; LOD, limit of detection; MS, mass spectrometry; NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN, N-nitrosonornicotine; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry; RSP, respirable suspended particles; UV, ultra violet; UVPM-THBP, ultra violet absorbance-based particulate matter expressed as 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone equivalents.

TABLE 4  Mean concentrations of indoor air constituents (“office” with “high” IAQ conditions)

	EHCSS (Simulation 1)		CC (Simulation 5)		Net increase EHCSS	Net increase CC
	Background	Smoking	Background	Smoking	Smoking—Background	Smoking—Background
Date	Sept. 12, 2005		Sept. 19, 2005
Time of sampling	08:04–12:04	12:08–17:05	07:55–11:55	12:02–17:02
Number of smokers	—	2	—	2
Number of cigarettes	0	10	0	10
Ventilation rate (m^3/h)	320		317
Air changes/h	4.9		4.9
Temperature (°C)	22	22	21.5	21.5
Relative humidity (%)	73–77	73–75	48–50	50
Online measurements
CO (ppm)^a	0.23	0.10	0.1	0.83	−0.13	0.73
CO2 (%)^b	0.08	0.09	0.11	0.11	0.01	0.01
NO (ppb)^c	38	27	13	22	−11	9
NO2(ppb)^c	24	25	27	39	1	12
Particles, online (μg/m^3)	24	28	12	200	4	188
Offline measurements
Particles, grav. (μg/m^3)	28.7	24.5	9.3	84.5	−4.15	75.2
UVPM-THBP (μg/m^3)	0.131	0.819	0.175	9.35	0.69	9.18
FPM-scopoletin (μg/m^3)	0.025	0.091	0.064	1.818	0.07	1.75
Solanesol (μg/m^3)^a	0.050	0.297	0.050	1.94	0.25	1.89
Nicotine (μg/m^3)	0.059	0.079	0.039	5.00	0.02	4.96
3-EP (μg/m^3)^a	0.035	0.094	0.035	1.11	0.059	1.08
FA (μg/m^3)	8.74	8.47	4.56	10.5	−0.27	5.94
AA (μg/m^3)	2.09	2.36	1.35	11.4	0.27	10.0
PA (μg/m^3)	0.44	0.55	0.27	2.32	0.11	2.04
ACR (μg/m^3)	0.32	0.23	0.11	1.24	−0.09	1.13
CRO (μg/m^3)^a	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.40	0.0	0.25
1,3-Butadiene (μg/m^3)	0.55	0.58	0.48	3.91	0.03	3.42
Benzene (μg/m^3)	2.74	2.08	0.93	3.32	−0.66	2.39
Toluene (μg/m^3)	10.82	9.17	4.32	8.83	−1.65	4.51
Ethylbenzene (μg/m^3)	1.71	1.12	0.38	1.05	−0.59	0.68
m-/p-Xylene (μg/m^3)	5.87	4.45	1.38	3.53	−1.42	2.15
o-Xylene (μg/m^3)	1.56	1.45	0.45	0.95	−0.11	0.50
NNK (ng/m^3)^a	0.938	1.15	0.3	4.01	0.21	3.61
NNN (ng/m^3)^a	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.79	0.0	0.54
Phe (ng/m^3)	12.66	10.88	9.03	9.38	−1.78	0.35
Pyr (ng/m^3)	2.36	2.32	1.70	3.19	−0.04	1.49
BaP (ng/m^3)	0.056	0.043	0.076	0.096	−0.013	0.02
o-Toluidine (ng/m^3)	6.41	6.32	8.06	11.3	−0.09	3.24
2-AN (ng/m^3)	0.220	0.182	0.238	0.418	−0.04	0.18
4-ABP (ng/m^3)	0.019	0.022	0.022	0.090	0.003	0.07

Abbreviations: 2-AN, 2-aminonaphthalene; 3-EP, 3-ethenylpyridine (3-vinylpyridine); 4-ABP, 4-aminobiphenyl; AA, acetaldehyde; ACR, acrolein; BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; CC, conventional cigarettes; CO, carbon monoxide; CO₂, carbon dioxide; CRO, crotonaldehyde; EHCSS, electrically heated cigarette smoking system; FA, formaldehyde; FPM-scopoletin, fluorescence-based particulate matter expressed as scopoletin equivalents; IAQ, indoor air quality; NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN, N-nitrosonornicotine; NO, nitric oxide; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; PA, propionaldehyde; Phe, phenanthrene; Pyr, pyrene; UVPM-THBP, ultra violet absorbance-based particulate matter expressed as 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone equivalents.

^aWhen the constituent concentration was below the LOD, 1/2 LOD was used for evaluation.

^bBackground session: Average of values after the CO₂ concentration has reached background levels.

^cAll NO/NO₂ measurements prior to Sept. 15, 2005 were made using ML 8840 (Monitor Labs GmbH), which failed. NO/NO₂ measurements made after 11:30 on Sept. 16, 2005 were done using Model CDL 700 AL, (Eco Physics).

TABLE 5  Mean concentrations of indoor air constituents (“office” with “medium” IAQ conditions)

	EHCSS (Simulation 2)		CC (Simulation 6)		Net increase EHCSS	Net increase CC
	Background	Smoking	Background	Smoking	Smoking-Background	Smoking-Background
Date	Sept. 13, 2005		Sept. 20, 2005
Time of sampling	08:01–12:01	12:06–17:06	08:06–12:06	12:14–17:14
Number of smokers	—	2	—	2
Number of cigarettes	0	10	0	10
Ventilation rate (m^3/h)	200		215
Air changes/h	3.1		3.3
Temperature (°C)	21.5	21.5–22	22	22
Relative humidity (%)	70–73	75–78	53–54	52–55
Online measurements
CO (ppm)^a	0.1	0.20	0.41	1.25	0.1	0.84
CO2 (%)^b	0.09	0.11	0.11	0.13	0.02	0.02
NO (ppb)^c	58	40	132	78	−18	−54
NO2 (ppb)^c	17	19	40	49	2	9
Particles, online (μg/m^3)	18	64	30	346	46	316
Offline measurements
Particles, grav. (μg/m^3)	22.4	41.3	23.3	130	18.9	111
UVPM-THBP (μg/m^3)	0.169	1.21	0.425	14.9	1.04	14.5
FPM-scopoletin (μg/m^3)	0.03	0.124	0.054	2.95	0.09	2.90
Solanesol (μg/m^3)^a	0.050	0.696	0.050	4.34	0.65	4.29
Nicotine (μg/m^3)	0.035	0.212	0.124	5.30	0.18	5.18
3-EP (μg/m^3)^a	0.100	0.141	0.035	1.40	0.04	1.37
FA (μg/m^3)	9.77	11.2	7.21	13.6	1.45	6.41
AA (μg/m^3)	2.17	3.52	3.34	16.8	1.35	13.5
PA (μg/m^3)	0.44	0.79	0.67	3.19	0.36	2.51
ACR (μg/m^3)	0.28	0.44	0.28	1.81	0.16	1.54
CRO (μg/m^3)^a	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.33	0.0	0.18
1,3-Butadiene (μg/m^3)	0.79	0.83	0.82	6.16	0.04	5.34
Benzene (μg/m^3)	2.70	2.68	2.40	4.79	−0.02	2.39
Toluene (μg/m^3)	9.50	13.24	13.03	14.31	3.74	1.29
Ethylbenzene (μg/m^3)	1.13	1.37	1.20	3.94	0.25	2.74
m-/p-Xylene (μg/m^3)	4.15	5.20	4.30	13.41	1.06	9.11
o-Xylene (μg/m^3)	1.24	1.65	1.39	3.46	0.41	2.07
NNK (ng/m^3)^a	0.30	0.30	0.30	3.83	0.0	3.53
NNN (ng/m^3)^a	0.25	0.25	0.25	1.18	0.0	0.93
Phe (ng/m^3)	9.18	11.36	9.97	21.06	2.18	11.08
Pyr (ng/m^3)	0.945	3.89	2.34	4.46	2.95	2.12
BaP (ng/m^3)	0.039	0.068	0.079	0.211	0.03	0.133
o-Toluidine (ng/m^3)	6.85	6.98	7.54	15.5	0.13	7.96
2-AN (ng/m^3)	0.223	0.184	0.200	0.593	−0.04	0.393
4-ABP (ng/m^3)	0.022	0.024	0.020	0.127	0.002	0.108

Abbreviations: 2-AN, 2-aminonaphthalene; 3-EP, 3-ethenylpyridine (3-vinylpyridine); 4-ABP, 4-aminobiphenyl; AA, acetaldehyde; ACR, acrolein; BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; CC, conventional cigarettes; CO, carbon monoxide; CO₂, carbon dioxide; CRO, crotonaldehyde; EHCSS, electrically heated cigarette smoking system; FA, formaldehyde; FPM-scopoletin, fluorescence-based particulate matter expressed as scopoletin equivalents; IAQ, indoor air quality; NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN, N-nitrosonornicotine; NO, nitric oxide; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; PA, propionaldehyde; Phe, phenanthrene; Pyr, pyrene; UVPM-THBP, ultra violet absorbance-based particulate matter expressed as 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone equivalents.

^aWhen the constituent concentration was below the LOD, 1/2 LOD was used for evaluation.

^bBackground session: Average of values after the CO₂ concentration has reached background levels.

^cAll NO/NO₂ measurements prior to Sept. 15, 2005 were made using ML 8840 (Monitor Labs GmbH), which failed. NO/NO₂ measurements made after 11:30 on Sept. 16, 2005 were done using Model CDL 700 AL, (Eco Physics).

TABLE 6  Mean concentrations of indoor air constituents (“office” with “low” IAQ conditions)

	EHCSS (Simulation 3)		CC (Simulation 7)		Net increase EHCSS	Net increase CC
	Background	Smoking	Background	Smoking	Smoking -Background	Smoking -Background
Date		Sept. 14, 2005	Sept. 21, 2005
Time of sampling	07:59–11:59	12:08–17:08	08:04–12:04	12:12–17:12
Number of smokers	—	2	—	2
Number of cigarettes	0	10	0	10
Ventilation rate (m^3/h)	102		115
Air changes/h	1.6		1.8
Temperature (°C)	21.5–22	22	21	21.5
Relative humidity (%)	72–73	75	55–56	56–57
Online measurements
CO (ppm)^a	0.35	0.27	0.1	1.58	−0.08	1.48
CO2 (%)^b	0.10	0.12	0.12	0.15	0.02	0.03
NO (ppb)^c	81	23	90	48	−58	−42
NO2 (ppb)^c	12	14	28	36	2	8
Particles, online (μg/m^3)	36	110	24	586	74	562
Offline measurements
Particles, grav. (μg/m^3)	25.1	54.8	21.4	228	29.7	207
UVPM-THBP (μg/m^3)	0.106	2.89	0.450	29.1	2.78	28.6
FPM-scopoletin (μg/m^3)	0.031	0.350	0.054	5.48	0.32	5.43
Solanesol (μg/m^3)^a	0.050	1.19	0.050	8.62	1.14	8.57
Nicotine (μg/m^3)	0.117	0.274	0.248	6.94	0.16	6.69
3-EP (μg/m^3)	0.118	0.160	0.141	2.02	0.04	1.88
FA (μg/m^3)	12.6	12.6	8.81	18.4	0.0	9.59
AA (μg/m^3)	2.97	5.25	2.94	28.0	2.28	25.1
PA (μg/m^3)	0.60	1.19	0.56	5.68	0.58	5.13
ACR (μg/m^3)	0.38	0.51	0.23	3.99	0.13	3.76
CRO (μg/m^3)^a	0.15	0.15	0.15	1.10	0.0	0.95
1,3-Butadiene (μg/m^3)^a	0.90	0.94	0.03	10.1	0.04	10.1
Benzene (μg/m^3)	2.54	1.75	1.66	7.44	−0.78	5.78
Toluene (μg/m^3)	12.05	10.83	8.26	39.18	−1.21	30.92
Ethylbenzene (μg/m^3)	1.36	0.85	0.98	2.45	−0.51	1.48
m-/p-Xylene (μg/m^3)	5.16	3.18	3.32	7.79	−1.98	4.47
o-Xylene (μg/m^3)	1.59	1.03	1.00	1.97	−0.55	0.97
NNK (ng/m^3)	0.602	0.691	0.302	5.63	0.09	5.33
NNN (ng/m^3)	0.250	0.25	0.25	0.717	0.0	0.47
Phe (ng/m^3)	10.4	10.6	11.04	21.4	0.20	10.4
Pyr (ng/m^3)	1.18	1.59	1.86	3.79	0.41	1.93
BaP (ng/m^3)	0.045	0.02	0.062	0.314	0.025	0.25
o-Toluidine (ng/m^3)	7.25	7.96	8.13	18.07	0.71	9.94
2-AN (ng/m^3)	0.222	0.282	0.226	1.045	0.06	0.82
4-ABP (ng/m^3)	0.021	0.021	0.020	0.200	0.0	0.18

Abbreviations: 2-AN, 2-aminonaphthalene; 3-EP, 3-ethenylpyridine (3-vinylpyridine); 4-ABP, 4-aminobiphenyl; AA, acetaldehyde; ACR, acrolein; BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; CC, conventional cigarettes; CO, carbon monoxide; CO₂, carbon dioxide; CRO, crotonaldehyde; EHCSS, electrically heated cigarette smoking system; FA, formaldehyde; FPM-scopoletin, fluorescence-based particulate matter expressed as scopoletin equivalents; IAQ, indoor air quality; NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN, N-nitrosonornicotine; NO, nitric oxide; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; PA, propionaldehyde; Phe, phenanthrene; Pyr, pyrene; UVPM-THBP, ultra violet absorbance-based particulate matter expressed as 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone equivalents.

^aWhen the constituent concentration was below the LOD, 1/2 LOD was used for evaluation.

^bBackground session: Average of values after the CO₂ concentration has reached background levels.

^cAll NO/NO₂ measurements prior to Sept. 15, 2005 were made using ML 8840 (Monitor Labs GmbH), which failed. NO/NO₂ measurements made after 11:30 on Sept. 16, 2005 were done using Model CDL 700 AL, (Eco Physics).

TABLE 7  Mean concentrations of indoor air constituents (“hospitality” with “low” IAQ conditions)

	EHCSS (Simulation 4)		CC (Simulation 8)		Net increase EHCSS	Net increase CC
	Background	Smoking	Background	Smoking	Smoking -Background	Smoking -Background
Date	Sept. 15, 2005		Sept. 22, 2005
Time of sampling	08:18–12:18	12:28–17:28	07:49–11:49	12:10–17:10
Number of smokers	—	8	—	8
Number of cigarettes	0	80	0	80
Ventilation rate (m^3/h)	543		643
Air changes/h	8.4		9.9
Temperature (°C)	22	22	21.5	22
Relative humidity (%)	67–68	68–69	53–55	58–62
Online measurements
CO (ppm)^a	0.20	0.32	0.31	1.72	0.12	1.41
CO2 (%)^b	0.09	0.11	0.12	0.14	0.02	0.02
NO (ppb)^c			79	52		−27
NO2 (ppb)^c			43	57		14
Particles, online (μg/m^3)	36	84	32	791	47	759
Offline measurements
Particles, grav. (μg/m^3)	21.7	57.5	22.2	310	35.8	288
UVPM-THBP (μg/m^3)	0.563	2.575	0.400	39.700	2.01	39.3
FPM-scopoletin (μg/m^3)	0.063	0.298	0.051	7.43	0.24	7.38
Solanesol (μg/m^3)^a	0.050	0.364	0.050	9.21	0.31	9.16
Nicotine (μg/m^3)	0.044	0.176	0.061	34.1	0.13	34.0
3-EP (μg/m^3)	0.035	0.134	0.035	5.66	0.10	5.62
FA (μg/m^3)	5.96	5.86	4.96	31.8	−0.10	26.9
AA (μg/m^3)	1.85	3.49	2.11	38.5	1.64	36.4
PA (μg/m^3)	0.41	0.73	0.48	9.80	0.32	9.32
ACR (μg/m^3)	0.25	0.39	0.25	6.69	0.14	6.44
CRO (μg/m^3)^a	0.15	0.15	0.15	2.22	0.0	2.07
1,3-Butadiene (μg/m^3)	0.74	0.99	0.93	16.2	0.25	15.3
Benzene (μg/m^3)	2.55	2.09	2.63	11.3	−0.46	8.67
Toluene (μg/m^3)	8.42	11.2	11.6	22.9	2.78	11.3
Ethylbenzene (μg/m^3)	1.35	1.52	1.54	3.09	0.17	1.55
m-/p-Xylene (μg/m^3)	5.20	6.04	5.76	10.22	0.84	4.47
o-Xylene (μg/m^3)	1.70	1.84	1.80	2.46	0.14	0.67
NNK (ng/m^3)	0.3	0.3	0.3	19.84	0.0	19.5
NNN (ng/m^3)	0.25	0.25	0.25	1.51	0.0	1.26
Phe (ng/m^3)	9.71	9.95	7.35	29.1	0.24	21.8
Pyr (ng/m^3)	2.43	3.41	1.32	4.45	0.98	3.13
BaP (ng/m^3)	0.099	0.092	0.055	0.484	−0.007	0.43
o-Toluidine (ng/m^3)	9.56	10.7	7.45	25.4	1.14	18.0
2-AN (ng/m^3)	0.138	0.277	0.105	2.13	0.14	2.03
4-ABP (ng/m^3)	0.027	0.021	0.021	0.436	-0.006	0.42

Abbreviations: 2-AN, 2-aminonaphthalene; 3-EP, 3-ethenylpyridine (3-vinylpyridine); 4-ABP, 4-aminobiphenyl; AA, acetaldehyde; ACR, acrolein; BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; CC, conventional cigarettes; CO, carbon monoxide; CO₂, carbon dioxide; CRO, crotonaldehyde; EHCSS, electrically heated cigarette smoking system; FA, formaldehyde; FPM-scopoletin, fluorescence-based particulate matter expressed as scopoletin equivalents; IAQ, indoor air quality; NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN, N-nitrosonornicotine; NO, nitric oxide; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; PA, propionaldehyde; Phe, phenanthrene; Pyr, pyrene; UVPM-THBP, ultra violet absorbance-based particulate matter expressed as 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone equivalents.

^aWhen the constituent concentration was below the LOD, 1/2 LOD was used for evaluation.

^bBackground session: Average of values after the CO₂ concentration has reached background levels.

^cAll NO/NO₂ measurements prior to Sept. 15, 2005 were made using ML 8840 (Monitor Labs GmbH), which failed. NO/NO₂ measurements made after 11:30 on Sept. 16, 2005 were done using Model CDL 700 AL, (Eco Physics).

FIG. 2  Percent difference between smoking CC (Simulation 5) and smoking CC (Simulation 1) in the concentration of indoor air constituents in the “office” with a “high” IAQ condition.

FIG. 3  Percent difference between smoking CC (Simulation 8) and smoking CC (Simulation 4) in the concentration of indoor air constituents in the “hospitality” environment with a “low” IAQ condition.

FIG. 4  Ratio of indoor air constituent concentrations (background corrected) of particulate phase markers CC/EHCSS for all simulations. For the “office” with “high” IAQ conditions the background was greater than in the EHCSS smoking session (simulation 1); therefore, a ratio could not be calculated.

FIG. 5  Cumulative distribution of indoor air nicotine concentrations in European restaurants. The curve to the right (•) is derived from literature (Schorp & Leyden, 2002). The curve to the left (▴) is the hypothetical nicotine distribution curve if smoking of CC was replaced by smoking of an EHCSS.

FIG. 6  Cumulative distribution of indoor air particulate-phase ETS-RSP in restaurants in France, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Switzerland. The curve to the right (•) is derived from literature (Bohanon et al., 2003). The curve to the left (▴) is the hypothetical ETS-RSP curve if smoking of CC was replaced by smoking of an EHCSS.

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