Anti-obesity effect of Triticum aestivum sprout extract in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice

Figures & data

Table 1. Effects of TAEE on body weight gain, food intake, and food efficiency in HFD-induced obese mice.

Variables	Groups
	ND	HFD	HFD-ORT	TAEE10	TAEE50	TAEE200
Initial (g)	23.05 ± 2.09	22.74 ± 1.41	23.18 ± 1.74	23.04 ± 1.50	23.04 ± 1.81	23.32 ± 1.84
Final (g)	30.51 ± 2.12	36.88 ± 2.44##	32.06 ± 3.30*	34.52 ± 1.92*	32.63 ± 2.01*	30.95 ± 1.19**
Weight gain (g)	7.46 ± 0.23	14.14 ± 1.32##	8.88 ± 1.64**	11.48 ± 1.45*	9.58 ± 1.25*	7.63 ± 0.60**
Food intake (g/day)	2.83 ± 0.29	2.61 ± 0.13#	2.65 ± 0.21	2.66 ± 0.20	2.56 ± 0.13#	2.41 ± 0.09*
Food efficiency (%)	6.27	12.9	7.98	10.28	8.91	7.54

Notes:

ND, normal diet group; HFD, high-fat diet group; ORT, high-fat diet group plus Orlistat (20 mg/kg) group; TAEE 10, high-fat diet plus TAEE (10 mg/kg) group; TAEE 50, high-fat diet plus TAEE (50 mg/kg) group; TAEE 200, high-fat diet plus TAEE (200 mg/kg) group. Values are expressed as means ± SD.

# p < 0.05,

## p < 0.01 vs. ND,

* p < 0.05,

** p < 0.01 vs. HFD.

Table 2. Effects of TAEE on serum lipid profiles in HFD-induced obese mice.

Factors	Groups
	ND	HFD	HFD-ORT	TAEE10	TAEE50	TAEE200
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	84.75 ± 8.50	133.75 ± 5.20^#	97.33 ± 15.13**	124.34 ±  8.83	101.25 ± 6.29*	96.25 ± 5.74**
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	154.87 ± 17.53	311.91 ± 13.12##	239.37 ± 24.80**	304.67 ± 23.4	248.32 ± 13.93**	208.58 ± 14.07**
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	60.08 ± 12.69	79.66 ± 10.27^#	107.39 ± 10.94**	85.81 ± 6.56	91.13 ± 5.31*	97.14 ± 7.99*
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	77.84 ± 8.07	205.50 ± 20.55##	113.63 ± 22.78**	181.73 ± 27.12	131.93 ± 16.98*	97.21 ± 9.99**
Glucose	135.33 ± 9.5	211.00 ± 9.54###	197.67 ± 3.79	207.00 ± 12.00	194.00 ± 12.29	190.67 ± 4.73*

Notes:

ND, normal diet group; HFD, high-fat diet group; ORT, high-fat diet group plus Orlistat (20 mg/kg) group; TAEE10, high-fat diet plus TAEE (10 mg/kg) group; TAEE50, high-fat diet plus TAEE (50 mg/kg) group; TAEE200, high-fat diet plus TAEE (200 mg/kg) group. Values are expressed as means ± SD.

# p<0.05,

## p < 0.01,

### p < 0.001 vs. ND,

* p < 0.05,

** p < 0.01,

*** p < 0.001 vs. HFD.

Fig. 1. Effects of TAEE on weight and histological changes in EWAT in HFD-induced obese mice.

Notes: (A) Weight of EWAT and (B) histology of EWAT. All sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E), 200×. Values are expressed as means ± SD. ##p < 0.01 vs. ND, *p < 0.05 vs. HFD.

Fig. 2. Effect of TAEE on a weight and histological changes of liver in HFD-induced obese mice.

Notes: (A) Weight of liver and (B) histology of liver. All sections were stained with H & E, 200×. Values are expressed as means ± SD. ##p < 0.01 vs. ND, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. HFD.

Table 3. Effects of TAEE on hepatic lipid contents in HFD-induced obese mice.

Groups	ND	HFD	ORT	TAEE10	TAEE50	TAEE200
Total lipid (mg/g)	63.8 ± 11.09	113.2 ± 5.395##	68.45 ± 6.63***	99.15 ± 3.60*	75.02 ± 1.01**	58.52 ± 0.51**
Triglyceride (mg/g)	32.5 ± 4.60	54.83  ± 4.04 ##^±	33.85 ± 0.34*	45.90 ± 2.11*	38.37 ± 3.23**	31.43 ± 1.62**

Notes:

ND, normal diet group; HFD, high-fat diet group; ORT, high-fat diet group plus Orlistat (20 mg/kg) group; TAEE10, high-fat diet plus TAEE (10 mg/kg) group; TAEE50, high-fat diet plus TAEE (50 mg/kg) group; TAEE200, high-fat diet plus TAEE (200 mg/kg) group. Values are expressed as mean ± SD.

## p < 0.01,

### p < 0.001 vs. ND,

* p < 0.05,

** p < 0.01,

*** p < 0.001 vs. HFD.

Fig. 3. Effect of TAEE on serum leptin and adiponectin concentration in HFD-induced obese mice.

Notes: Levels of leptin (A) and adiponectin (B) were assayed by using ELISA. Values are expressed as means ± SD. #p < 0.01, ###p < 0.01 vs. ND, *p < 0.05 vs. HFD.

Fig. 4. Effect of TAEE on the expression of PPARγ and FAS in EWAT of HFD-induced obese mice.

Notes: Protein levels of PPARγ (A) and FAS (B) were determined by Western blot analysis and expressed as percent of ND. Values are expressed as means ± SD.

Fig. 5. Effect of TAEE on the expression of FAS and PPARα in liver of HFD-induced obese mice.

Notes: Protein levels of FAS (A) and PPARα (B) were determined by Western blot analysis and expressed as percent of ND. Values are expressed as means ± SD.

Fig. 6. UPLC profile of TAEE.