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Abstract
Purpose: To explore the effects of power frequency magnetic fields (MF) on cell growth in prostate cancer, DU145, PC3, and LNCaP cells were examined in vitro.
Materials and methods: The cells were exposed to various intensities and durations of 60-Hz sinusoidal MF in combination with various serum concentrations in the media. To analyze MF effects on cell growth, cell counting, trypan blue exclusion assay, Western blot analysis, flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence microscopy, and spectrofluorometry were used.
Results: MF exposure induced significant cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in an intensity- and time-dependent manner, in which cell cycle arrest, cleaved Caspase-3, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased. Pretreatment with a Caspase-3 inhibitor or antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), significantly attenuated MF-induced cell growth inhibition and cell death. Media replacement experiments failed to show any notable change in the MF effects.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate 60-Hz sinusoidal MF-activated cell growth inhibition of prostate cancer in vitro. Apoptosis together with cell cycle arrest were the dominant causes of the MF-elicited cell growth inhibition, mediated by MF-induced ROS. These results suggest that a possibility of using 60-Hz MF in radiation therapy of prostate cancer could usefully be investigated.
| Abbreviations | ||
| ANOVA | = | Analysis of variance |
| Bax | = | Bcl-2-associated X protein |
| Bcl-2 | = | B-cell lymphoma 2 protein |
| BMP | = | Bone morphogenic protein |
| Carboxy-H2DCFDA | = | 5-(and-6)-Carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate |
| Con | = | Control |
| DEVDfmk | = | Asp (OMe)-Glu (OMe)-Val-Asp (OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone |
| DMSO | = | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
| EGF | = | Epidermal growth factor |
| ELISA | = | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| MF | = | Magnetic field |
| NAC | = | N-acetyl-l-cysteine |
| PBS | = | Phosphate-buffered saline |
| PKC | = | Protein kinase C |
| PMSF | = | Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride |
| ROS | = | Reactive oxygen species |
| RPMI | = | Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium |
| RT-PCR | = | Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction |
| SDS | = | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
| SEM | = | Standard error of the mean |
| TGF-β | = | Transforming growth factor-β |
| TPA | = | 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate |
| Abbreviations | ||
| ANOVA | = | Analysis of variance |
| Bax | = | Bcl-2-associated X protein |
| Bcl-2 | = | B-cell lymphoma 2 protein |
| BMP | = | Bone morphogenic protein |
| Carboxy-H2DCFDA | = | 5-(and-6)-Carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate |
| Con | = | Control |
| DEVDfmk | = | Asp (OMe)-Glu (OMe)-Val-Asp (OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone |
| DMSO | = | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
| EGF | = | Epidermal growth factor |
| ELISA | = | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| MF | = | Magnetic field |
| NAC | = | N-acetyl-l-cysteine |
| PBS | = | Phosphate-buffered saline |
| PKC | = | Protein kinase C |
| PMSF | = | Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride |
| ROS | = | Reactive oxygen species |
| RPMI | = | Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium |
| RT-PCR | = | Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction |
| SDS | = | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
| SEM | = | Standard error of the mean |
| TGF-β | = | Transforming growth factor-β |
| TPA | = | 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate |