Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the king’s Parkinson’s disease pain scale

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographics and clinical characteristics of participants (n = 103).

	n	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	103	61.56 (10.70)
Gender (Male/Female)	103	72/31
Duration of disease (years)	103	6.54 (4.74)
Levodopa equivalent daily dose (mg)	103	654.13 (369.48)
MDS-UPDRS Part III	90	35.26 (16.49)
A-KPPS total score	103	32.92 (31.08)
BPI- pain severity	81	4.14 (4.82)
BPI- pain interference	81	5.96 (9.81)
HADS-depression	93	6.65 (5.30)
HADS-anxiety	93	6.23 (4.68)
EQ-5D pain subscale	57	2.43 (1.34)
EQ-5D-5L health state (%)	57	62.75 (19.96)

MDS-UPDDRS: Movement Disorders Society - Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, A-KPPS: Arabic King’s PD Pain Scale, BPI: Brief Pain Inventory, HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, EQ-5D: European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions- 5 Levels.

Table 2. KPPS- Scale items and domain summary (n = 103).

Item/Domain	Mean (SD)	Range
Item 1: Pain around joints (musculoskeletal)	5.42 (4.08)	0–12
Item 2: Pain deep within the body	2.10 (3.90)	0–12
Item 3: Pain related to internal organ	1.87 (3.57)	0–12
Item 4: Dyskinetic pain	1.76 (3.36)	0–12
Item 5: “Off” dystonia in a region	2.70 (4.11)	0–12
Item 6: Generalized “off” period pain	2.25 (3.64)	0–12
Item 7: PLM or RLS-associated pain	2.75 (4.09)	0–12
Item 8: Pain while turning in bed	3.99 (4.69)	0–12
Item 9: Pain when chewing	0.97 (2.35)	0–12
Item 10: Pain due to grinding teeth	1.05 (2.71)	0–12
Item 11: Burning mouth syndrome	0.85 (2.20)	0–12
Item12: Burning pain in the limbs	2.22 (3.48)	0–12
Item 13: Lower abdominal pain	1.28 (3.00)	0–12
Item 14: Shooting pain/pins and needles	2.86 (3.00)	0–12
Domain 1: Musculoskeletal pain	5.28 (4.14)	0–12
Domain 2: Chronic pain	3.98 (6.12)	0–24
Domain 3: Fluctuation-related Pain	6.69 (8.67)	0–33
Domain 4: Nocturnal Pain	6.90 (7.42)	0–24
Domain 5: Oro-facial Pain	2.90 (5.06)	0–27
Domain 6: Discoloration; Oedema/swelling	3.50 (5.31)	0–24
Domain 7: Radicular Pain	3.77 (8.03)	0–12
Total	32.92 (31.08)	0–123

A-KPPS: Arabic King’s PD Pain Scale.

Table 3. Exploratory factor analysis of the A-KPPS (n = 103).

Item	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Communalities
	Somatic pain	Visceral and burning pain	Orofacial pain
Item 7: PLM or RLS-associated pain	0.791	−0.039	0.258	0.694
Item 2: Pain deep within the body	0.764	0.137	−0.004	0.603
Item 1: Pain around joints (musculoskeletal)	0.726	0.070	−0.090	0.540
Item 4: Dyskinetic pain	0.574	0.420	0.000	0.505
Item 6: Generalized “off” period pain	0.528	0.170	0.142	0.328
Item 5: “Off” dystonia in a region	0.494	0.350	0.291	0.451
Item12: Burning pain in the limbs	0.449	0.406	0.236	0.423
Item 13: Lower abdominal pain	−0.046	0.859	0.062	0.744
Item 3: Pain related to internal organ	0.296	0.803	−0.014	0.733
Item 11: Burning mouth syndrome	0.175	0.461	0.430	0.428
Item 10: Pain due to grinding teeth	−0.126	−0.052	0.759	0.594
Item 9: Pain when chewing	0.107	0.115	0.646	0.441
Item 14: Shooting pain/pins and needles	0.450	0.055	0.504	0.459
Item 8: Pain while turning in bed	0.467	0.373	0.476	0.584

Loading in bold represents the factors to which the items are assigned.

A-KPPS: Arabic King’s PD Pain Scale.

Table 4. Correlations between A-KPPS total score and other outcomes.

	r	p Value
BPI-Pain interference	0.44	<0.001
BPI-Pain severity	0.33	0.002
HADS-Depression	0.49	<0.001
HADS-Anxiety	0.50	<0.001
MDS-UPDRS-Part III total score	0.32	0.002
EQ-5D-5L health state	−0.45	<0.001
EQ-5D-L5 pain subscale	0.41	0.002

MDS-UPDDRS: Movement Disorders Society - Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, A-KPPS: Arabic King’s PD Pain Scale, BPI: Brief Pain Inventory, HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, EQ-5D: European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions- 5 Levels.

Table 5. Analysis for test-retest reliability (n = 35).

Outcome	Week 1	Week 2	Differences between Week 1 and Week 2
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	p Value	ICC	ICC (95% CI)	SEM	MDC95
A-KKPS total score	28.34 (29.59)	27.03 (28.06)	−1.31 (12.64)	0.54	0.90	0.81 to 0.95	8.90	24.66

A-KPPS: Arabic King’s PD Pain Scale, ICC: Intra Class Correlation Coefficient, SEM: Standard Error of Measurement, MDC₉₅: Minimal Detectable Change.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, HK, upon reasonable request.