Recasting sustainable summer holidaying: scripts, time experiences, freedom, place change and environmental imprints

Figures & data

Figure 1. The hypothesised model of the study. Note: Reference to variable labels in Table 2 and Table 3.

Table 2. Measurement model.

CONSTRUCTS	INDICATORS	Loadings	CR (D.G. rho)	AVE
HOME AVERSE (HomeA)	Q6r4 (I thought that time passed slowly during the home holiday)	0.636	0.914	0.573
	Q6r10 (Home holiday made it take longer to get into holiday mood)	0.717
	Q6r12 (I often felt restless during the home holiday)	0.797
	Q6r13 (It was boring to stay at home for several weeks during the summer holiday)	0.843
	Q6r21 (Home holiday gave me less feeling of freedom than if I had gone away)	0.718
	Q6r24 (Home holiday implied greater risk for wasted days off)	0.760
	Q6r25 (I do not think home holiday was something to tell others about)	0.730
	Q6r26 (Home holiday is not real holiday for me)	0.834
HOME COMPLIANT (HomeC)	Q6r27 (Home holiday made me reflect on whether one should travel so much)	0.840	0.875	0.700
	Q6r28 (Home holiday gave me a clearer conscience in environmental issues)	0.836
	Q6r29 (Home holiday made me desire more future summer holidaying at home)	0.833

CR: Composite Reliability (Dillon-Goldstein’s Rho); AVE: Average Variance Extracted.

Table 3. Structural model including direct and indirect effects (with standardized coefficients, t-values and 95% confidence intervals).

	Direct effect on likelihood of spending a summer holiday at home (Q7a)	Indirect effect on likelihood of spending a summer holiday at home (Q7a)	Direct effect on likelihood of travelling less by air (Q7b)	Indirect effect on likelihood of travelling less by air (Q7b)	Direct effect on HOME AVERSE	Direct effect on HOME COMPLIANT
Direct effects
Age					−0.253* (−6.025) [−0.335,−0.170]	−0.064 (−1.374) [−0.156, 0.027]
Women					0.002 (0.048) [− 0.080, 0.084]	0.073 (1.687) [− 0.011, 0.157]
Fullemp					-0.036 (−0.818) [− 0.121, 0.049]	−0.016  (− 0.357) [−0.105, 0.072]
Nokid					−0.080 (-1.864) [-0.163, 0.004]	0.050 (1.145) [−0.035, 0.134]
Seasunb					0.109* (2.668) [0.028, 0.189]	− 0.099* (-2.488) [− 0.177, −0.021]
HOME AVERSE	−0.284* (−7.233) [−0.360, −0.206]		-0.080* (−2.079) [−0.155, −0.004]
HOME COMPLIANT	0.331* (7.883) [0.248, 0.413]		0.561* (16.315) [0.493, 0.627]
Indirect effects
Age via HOME AVERSE		0.072* (4.634) [0.041, 0.102]		0.020* (1.978) [0.000, 0.040]
Women via HOME AVERSE		−0.001 (-0.048) [−0.025, 0.023]		-0.000  (− 0.046) [−0.007, 0.007]
Fullemp via HOME AVERSE		0.010 (0.823) [− 0.014, 0.034]		0.003 (0.720) [− 0.005, 0.011]
Nokid via HOME AVERSE		0.023 (1.720) [−0.003, 0.048]		0.006 (1.326) [−0.003, 0.016]
Seasunb via HOME AVERSE		−0.031* (−2.330) [−0.057, −0.005]		-0.009 (-1.459) [−0.020, 0.003]
Age via HOME COMPLIANT		-0.021 (-1.343) [−0.053, 0.010]		-0.036 (-1.354) [−0.089, 0.016]
Women via HOME COMPLIANT		0.024 (1.557) [−0.006, 0.055]		0.041 (1.642) [−0.008, 0.090]
Fullemp via HOME COMPLIANT		-0.005 (-0.371) [−0.034, 0.023]		−0.009  (−0.374) [−0.057, 0.039]
Nokid via HOME COMPLIANT		0.016 (1.092) [−0.013, 0.046]		0.028 (1.106) [−0.021, 0.077]
Seasunb via HOME COMPLIANT		−0.033* (−2.113) [− 0.064, −0.002]		−0.056* (−2.210) [−0.105, −0.006]
Adj.R^2	0.258		0.358		0.071	0.013

*Statistically significant at 0.05. Two-tailed tests are used.

[ ] shows bootstrap 95% confidence intervals.

() shows t-values.

Table 1. Sample characteristics (N = 344).

Respondent characteristics	Category	Percent	n	Variable
Gender	Female	62	212	Women
	Male	38	132
Age category	18-29	33	113	Age
	30-39	20	70
	40-49	17	59
	50-79	30	102
Children or adolescents in household	Children or adolescents aged 19 or younger No children or adolescents	20 80	69 275	Nokid
Employment status	Full time employment Part-time employment, retired, student or other	63 37	216 128	Emp
Planned but cancelled trip destination	Home country	13	46	Q2
	Other Nordic countries	11	37
	Southern Europe	39	133
	Rest of Europe	20	69
	Other region	17	59
Type of cancelled trip	Sun/bath holiday Second home holiday Visit with friends or relatives	32 11 22	109 36 74	Q3(s.sun.)
	Other type of holiday	36	125
Summer holiday other than at home	Domestic tour(s)	60	207	Q1#1
	Abroad tour(s)	6	21	Q1#2
	No other holiday	36	124	Q1#3
Home holiday two weeks or more previous years	Home holiday in 2019	45	156	Q5#1
	Home holiday in 2018	28	95	Q5#2
	No home holiday in 2019 or 2018	51	176	Q5#3
Ownership/access to second home that could	Own or have access to second home	40	139	Q14#2
have been used during home holiday period	No ownership/access or N/A	60	205
Home facilities	Have balcony, roof terrace or similar	65	224	Q13#1
	Have private garden/yard	33	112	Q13#2
	Have shared garden/yard	28	95	Q13#3
	Have space for indoor activities for	29	99	Q13#4
	all household members
	None of the home facilities	8	28	Q13#5

Table A1. Overview of background/inspiration to items for summer home-based holidaymaking experience survey.

Drawbacks

Home holiday became wearier because of more household work than during a holiday trip (Hall & Holdsworth 2016; Heimtun 2019; Opaschowski 2002)

Home holiday made it more difficult to get mental distance to work or studies (de Bloom et al. 2017; Kreiner, Hollensbe & Sheep 2009; Opaschowski 2002)

^aQ6r13 It was boring to stay at home for several weeks during the summer holiday (Blichfeldt 2008; Heimtun 2017)

^aQ6r21 Home holiday gave me less feeling of freedom than if I had gone away (Cresswell 2006; Opaschowski 2002)

Benefits

It was good not having to use time for the passage/transfer (Blichfeldt et al. 2017; Löfgren 2008; Opaschowski 2002)

I relaxed more at home than I would have done on a trip (Besson 2017; Blichfeldt 2008; Kitterød 1988; Opaschowski 2002)

I discovered more recreation possibilities in the area where I live (Besson 2017; Blichfeldt 2008; personal interviews)

Home holiday made me value more the area where I live (Besson 2017; personal interviews)

Home holiday made it possible to finish tasks that would otherwise have remained undone (Central Bureau of Statistics 1988; Kitterød 1988)

Home holiday implied more money for other purposes than journeys (personal interviews; Opaschowski 2002)

Socialising aspects

Home holiday strengthened the relation to my partner/spouse (personal interviews)

Home holiday strengthened the relation to children living at home (Gram 2005; Zabriskie & McCormick 2003; personal interviews)

Home holiday strengthened the relation to relatives I spent time with (Backer 2019; Besson 2017; Kitterød 1988)

Home holiday led to more social gatherings with friends (personal interviews; Central Bureau of Statistics 1988; Kitterød 1988)

Home holiday implied more time on my own, as I did not have to be together with spouse/family all the time (Gram 2005; Larsen 2013; Opaschowski 2002)

Risk aspects

Home holiday implied greater risk for not obtaining value for money (Opaschowski 2002; Roehl & Fesenmaier 1992)

^aQ6r24 Home holiday implied greater risk for wasted days off (Opaschowski 2002)

Home holiday had been better if the weather had been better (Eugenio-Martin & Campos-Soria 2010; Lohmann & Kaim 1999; personal interviews)

I experienced less infection risk by being home rather than going away (personal interviews)

Demand for social distancing made it less attractive to be out in the open (personal interviews)

Time reflections

^aQ6r10 Home holiday made it take longer time to get into holiday mood (Opaschowski 2002)

^aQ6r4 I felt that time passed slowly during the home holiday (Hammond 2012; Heimtun 2017)

During the home holiday, I often did not notice that the time passed (Hammond 2012; Heimtun 2017)

^aQ6r12 I often felt restless during the home holiday (Heimtun 2017; Krippendorf 1987)

Journeying and staycation reflections

^aQ6r25 I do not think home holiday was something to tell others about (Besson 2017; Munar & Jacobsen 2013)

^aQ6r26 Home holiday is not a real holiday for me (Besson 2017; Opaschowski 2002)

^aQ6r27 Home holiday made me reflect on whether one should travel so much (Verplanken et al. 2008)

^aQ6r28 Home holiday gave me a clearer conscience in environmental issues (Stankov et al. 2020)

^aQ6r29 Home holiday made me desire more future summer holidaying at home (Stankov et al. 2020)

^aVariables included in the research model, cf. Figure 1 and Table 2.

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