Isolation of autochthonous non-white rot fungi with potential for enzymatic upgrading of Venezuelan extra-heavy crude oil

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Several non-white rot fungal strains isolated from samples of EHCO-polluted soils and cultivated axenically. Note that these fungi were able to grow in Cz minimal medium supplemented with EHCO-emulsion as sole carbon source: (a) Penicillium sp. 4; (b) Neosartorya spinosa NS-2; (c) Paecillomyces sp.; (d) Aspergillus terreus; (e) Pseudallescheria angusta PA-2; (f) Penicillium sp. NRRL-28143 PN-2; (g) Fusarium solani HP-1; (h) Pestalotiopsis palmarum; (i) Trichoderma viride TV-1; (j) Trichoderma inhamatum; (k) Fusarium proliferatum FP-2; (l) Pseudallescheria angusta PA-1.

Table I.  Identification and phenotypic characterization of autochthonous non-white rot fungus isolated from EHCO-polluted soils.

						Czapek minimal medium supplemented with PAHs as sole carbon source
No.^a	Strain (classic and molecular identification)	Family	Order	No. CVCM^b	Source	Control +	Control –	Pyrene	Phenan.	DBT	Naph.	Cyclohexane
1	Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., HP-1	Hypocreaceae	Hypocreales	1784	Sucre	+ + +	+/ −	+ +	+ +	+	+ +	−
2	Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg & Nirenberg, FP-1	Hypocreaceae	Hypocreales	1785	Sucre	+ + +	−	+	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +
3	Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penz.	Mycosphaerellaceae	Dothidiales	1786	Sucre	+ +	−	+	+	+	+	*
4	Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Steyaert.	Amphisphaeriaceae	Xylariaceae	1787	Sucre	+ + +	−	+	+	+	+	*
5	Neosartorya spinosa (Raper & Fennell) Kozak., NS-1	Trichocomaceae	Eurotiales	1788	Sucre	+ + +	−	+ +	+	+	+ +	+
6	Neosartorya spinosa (Raper & Fennell) Kozak., NS-2	Trichocomaceae	Eurotiales	1789	Sucre	+ + +	−	+	+ +	+ +	+ +	+
8	Penicillium sp. NRRL-28143, PN-1	Trichocomaceae	Eurotiales	1790	Sucre	+ + +	+/ −	+ +	+/ −	+/ −	+	+ +
13	Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen., AF-1	Trichocomaceae	Eurotiales	1791	Miranda	+ + +	+/ −	+	+	+	+	+ +
15	Pseudallescheria angusta (Malloch & Cain) McGinnis, A.A. Padhye & Ajello, PA-1	Microascaceae	Microascales	1792	Miranda	+ + +	+	+	+	+	+	+ +
23	Penicillium sp. NRRL-28143, PN-2	Trichocomaceae	Eurotiales	1793	Miranda	+ +	+/ −	+ +	+	+	+ +	+ +
26	Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen, AF-2	Trichocomaceae	Eurotiales	1794	Miranda	+ + +	−	+	+	+	+	+ +
28	Trichoderma viride Pers., TV-1	Hypocreaceae	Hypocreales	1795	Miranda	+ + +	−	+	+	−	+	+
31	Trichoderma viride Pers., TV-2	Hypocreaceae	Hypocreales	1796	Miranda	+ + +	−	+	+	+	+/ −	+ +
32	Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollorw. & Hochapfel, Z.	Dothideomycotidae	Pleosporales	1797	Miranda	+ + +	−	+	−	+	+ +	+ +
35	Trichoderma inhamatum Veekamp & W. Gams	Hypocreaceae	Hypocreales	1798	Miranda	+ + +	−	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +	+
36	Aspergillus terreus Thorn	Trichocomaceae	Eurotiales	1799	Miranda	+ + +	−	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +
37	Penicillium sp.	Trichocomaceae	Eurotiales	1800	Miranda	+ +	−	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +
38	Paecillomyces sp.	Trichocomaceae	Eurotiales	1801	Miranda	+ + +	+/ −	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +
39	Pseudallescheria angusta (Malloch & Cain) McGinnis, A.A. Padhye & Ajello, PA-2	Microascaceae	Microascales	1802	Miranda	+ + +	+/ −	+	+	+	+	+ +
43	Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg & Nirenberg, FP-2	Hypocreaceae	Hypocreales	1803	Miranda	+ + +	−	+	+ +	+	−	+ +

^aAccession number: Mycoplasm Bank of the Petroleum Biotechnology Unit of IDEA Foundation.

^bAccession number: Venezuelan Centre of Microorganisms Collections (CVCM).

*The characterization was not done in cyclohexane.

Phenan: phenanthrene; DBT: dibenzothiophene; Naph: naphthalene. Residual growth (+/ − ); weak growth (+); moderate growth (+ + ); good growth (+ + +).

Table II.  Ligninolytic potential of autochthonous non-white rot fungus isolated from EHCO-polluted soils through ABTS test.

	Ligninolytic potential of non-white rot fungi determined by the ABTS test
Strain	8 days	15 days	21 days
Fusarium solani, HP-1	+	+ + +	+ + +
Fusarium proliferatum, FP-1	−	−	−
Cladosporium sphaerospermum	−	−	−
Pestalotiopsis palmarum	−	+ +	+ + +
Neosartorya spinosa, NS-1	−	−	−
Neosartorya spinosa, NS-2	−	−	−
Penicillium sp. NRRL-28143, PN-1	+	+	+
Aspergillus fumigatus, AF-1	+	+	+ +
Pseudallescheria angusta, PA-1	−	+	+
Penicillium sp. NRRL-28143, PN-2	+	+	+
Trichoderma viride, TV-1	+	+	+
Trichoderma viride, TV-2	+	+	+
Trichoderma inhamatum	−	−	−
Aspergillus terreus	+	+ +	+ +
Penicillium sp.	+	+	+
Paecillomyces sp.	−	+ +	+ + +
Pseudallescheria angusta, PA-2	−	+	+
Fusarium proliferatum, FP-2	−	+ +	+ + +
Pleurotus ostreatus (+)	+ + +	+ + +	+ + +
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (−)	−	−	−

The presence of extracellular oxidoreductases was observed at 8, 15, and 21 days. Colorless (−); low color intensity (+); moderate color intensity (+ + ); and high color intensity (+ + +).

Figure 2.  Detection of extracellular ligninolytic peroxidases (ELP) activities in culture broth of Fusarium solani HP-1 by the OPD test.