Smart Cities and (Smart) Cycling: Exploring the Synergies in Copenhagen and Amsterdam

Figures & data

Table 1. Operationalization of concepts based on the literature review

Concept	Operationalization
Techno-solutionism	Urban problems are not approached with an open mindset but are framed in a way that necessitates “smart” solutions; Technological solutions “precede” definition and proper deliberation of problems.
Technology push	Local authorities are not proactive in choosing solutions but adopt innovations under the influence of technology companies; supply-driven smartification.
Lack of connection to the local context	The application of smart innovation is not driven by local policy priorities and knowledge.
Pro-innovation bias	“Change for change’s” sake, unnecessary and superficial application of innovations.
Breaking away from the simplicity and low-tech nature of cycling	Making cycling practice or governance more complicated than is sufficient for it to fulfill its positive social and environmental potential.