Proniosomes derived niosomes: recent advancements in drug delivery and targeting

Figures & data

Figure 1. Hydration of proniosomes into niosomes and hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of niosomes.

Figure 2. Methods of preparation of proniosomes (A) Coacervation phase separation method (B) Slurry method (C) Spraying method.

Table 1. Description of preparation methods, their principle and type of formulation formed.

Preparation method	Principle	Formulation type	References
Coacervation phase separation method	Mixing of lipids, surfactant and drug with the solvent followed by the warming of mixture over water bath at 60–70 °C until translucent dispersion is obtained.	Proniosomal gel	Yasam et al. (2014); Ammar et al. (2011); Ahmad et al. (2017)
Slurry method	Slurry preparation by using organic solution of cholesterol, surfactant, drug, and then poured onto carrier material. Evaporate the solvent in rotary evaporator to form free flowing proniosomes.	Proniosomal powder	Mujoriya & Bodla (2011); Walve et al. (2011)
Spray coating method	Successive spraying of organic solution of cholesterol, surfactant, and drug onto carrier material containing in round bottom flask attached to rotary evaporator.	Proniosomal powder	Nasr (2010)

Table 2. Outline of drug delivery applications of proniosomes through different routes, composition and their in vitro/in vivo effects.

Route	Drug	Composition	In vitro/in vivo effects	References
Oral	Vinpocetine	Span 60/sorbitol/cholesterol	Improve oral bioavailability and GI absorption	Song et al. (2015)
	Candesartan cilexetil	Span 60/maltodextrin/cholesterol	Improve oral bioavailability	Yuksel et al. (2016)
	Acemetacin	Span 60/maltodextrin/cholesterol/stearylamine	Enhance pharmacokinetic properties and anti-inflammatory effects	Shehata et al. (2015)
	Pioglitazone	Span 60/maltodextrin/cholesterol	Improve hypoglycemic effects by controlled release of drug	Shukr & Eltablawy (2015)
	Nateglinide	Span 60/maltodextrin/cholesterol	Improve oral bioavailability	Sahoo et al. (2014)
	Doxycycline hydrochloride and metronidazole	Span 60/maltodextrin/cholesterol	Improve combination therapy and patient compliance	Gad et al. (2014)
	isradipine	Span 40: Span 60/cholesterol/dicetyl phosphate	Improve oral bioavailability and gastrointestinal (GI) absorption	Veerareddy & Bobbala (2013)
	Diphenyl dimethyl bicarboxylate	Tween 80/sorbitol/cholesterol/stearylamine	Enhance dissolution and hepatocurative activity	Aburahma & Abdelbary (2012)
	Valsartan	Span 60/maltodextrin/cholesterol	Improve oral bioavailability and enhanced permeation	Gurrapu et al. (2012)
Parenteral	Flurbiprofen	Span 80: Span 20/Sorbitol/cholesterol	Sustained anti-inflammatory activity and reduce dosing frequency	Verma et al. (2016)
Dermal	Boswellic acid	Span 40/cholesterol/soya lecithin	Improve bioavailability, absorption and release kinetics	Mehta et al. (2016)
	Tretinoin	Span 60/sorbitol/cholesterol	Enhance efficacy and reduce side effects	Rahman et al. (2015)
Transdermal	Tenoxicam	Tween 20/cholesterol	Improve patient compliance and drug safety	Ammar et al. (2011)
	Lornoxicam	Lutrol F68/cholesterol/lecithin	Improve transdermal delivery	Madan et al. (2016)
	Mefenamic acid	Span 80/cholesterol/soya lecithin	Improve transdermal delivery and anti-inflammatory activity	Wen et al. (2014)
	Lacidipine	Cremophor RH 40/cholesterol/soya lecithin	Improve transdermal delivery, absorption and permeation	Soliman et al. (2016)
	Simvastatin	Tween 20/lecithin	Enhance bioavailability and hypocholesterolemic effect	Shaker et al. (2013)
	Vinpocetine	Sugar ester/cholesterol/lecithin	Improve absorption and penetration	El-Laithy et al. (2011)
	Flurbiprofen	Cholesterol	Improve solubility and permeation	Zidan & Mokhtar (2011)
	Oxybutynin chloride	Span 20: Span 60/cholesterol/soya lecithin	Enhance drug permeation and therapeutic effect	Rajabalaya et al. (2016)
	Tolterodine tartrate	Span 20: Span 60/cholesterol/lecithin	Reduce side effects and effective management of overactive bladder	Rajabalaya et al. (2016)
	Risperidone	Span 60/cholesterol/phospholipid G 90	Increase skin permeability and bioavailability	Imam et al. (2015)
Oral mucosal and dental	Lornoxicam	Span 60/cholesterol/lecithin	Improve patient compliance and reduce gastrointestinal (GI) side effects	Abdelbary & Aburahma (2015)
	Benzocaine	Span 60/cholesterol	Improve local anesthesia by controlled release	El-Alim et al. (2014)
Ocular	Lomefloxacin HCl	Span60:Tween60/cholesterol/	Improve ocular bioavailability and prolong corneal retention	Khalil et al. (2016)
	Tacrolimus	Poloxamer 188/cholesterol/Lecithin	Delay corneal allograft rejection and prolong survival time of corneal allografts	Li et al. (2014)
Vaginal	Terconazole	Span 60: Brij76/Cholesterol/lecithin	Enhance mucoadhesive properties	Abdou & Ahmed (2016)
Pulmonary	Beclomethasone dipropionate	Span 60/cholesterol	High drug output and fine particle fraction (FPF)	Elhissi et al. (2013)
	Cromolyn sodium	Sucrose stearate/cholesterol/stearylamine	Controlled drug release and improve aerosolization	Abd-Elbary et al. (2008)

Figure 3. Drug delivery and penetration of proniosomes through stratum corneum.

Figure 4. Release profile of tenoxicam from proniosomes (A) Release profile of TX from certain proniosome formulations 1 (T2B) using phosphate buffer (pH7.4) as aqueous phase; 2 (S3B) using 0.1% glycerol as aqueous phase (B) Release profile of TX from proniosomes prepared with distilled water (Will be added with permission).

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Veerareddy PR, Bobbala SKR. (2013). Enhanced oral bioavailability of isradipine via proniosomal systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 39:909–17.

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Verma P, Prajapati SK, Yadav R, et al. (2016). Single intravenous dose of novel flurbiprofen-loaded proniosome formulations provides prolonged systemic exposure and anti-inflammatory effect. Mol Pharm 13:3688–99.

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Mehta M, Dureja H, Garg M. (2016). Development and optimization of boswellic acid-loaded proniosomal gel. Drug Deliv 23:3072–81.

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Rahman SA, Abdelmalak NS, Badawi A, et al. (2015). Formulation of tretinoin-loaded topical proniosomes for treatment of acne: in-vitro characterization, skin irritation test and comparative clinical study. Drug Deliv 22:731–9.

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Madan JR, Ghuge NP, Dua K. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of proniosomes containing lornoxicam. Drug Deliv Translat Res 6:511–18.

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Wen MM, Farid RM, Kassem AA. (2014). Nano-proniosomes enhancing the transdermal delivery of mefenamic acid. J Liposome Res 24:280–9.

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El-Alim SA, Kassem A, Basha M. (2014). Proniosomes as a novel drug carrier system for buccal delivery of benzocaine. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 24:452–8.

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Khalil RM, Abdelbary GA, Basha M, et al. (2016). Design and evaluation of proniosomes as a carrier for ocular delivery of lomefloxacin HCl. J Liposome Res 27:1–12.

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Elhissi A, Hidayat K, Phoenix DA, et al. (2013). Air-jet and vibrating-mesh nebulization of niosomes generated using a particulate-based proniosome technology. Int J Pharm 444:193–9.

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